ABSTRACT
The existence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in domestic ruminants and camels in Sudan during 2008-2012 was investigated. Lung tissues and serum samples were randomly collected from sheep, goats, cattle, and camels at different areas of Sudan. A total of 12,384 serum samples were collected from clinically healthy 7413 sheep, 1988 camels, 1501 cattle, 1459 goats, and 23 gazelles at different areas in the Sudan. They were examined for PPR antibodies using competitive ELISA (cELISA). The overall detected seroprevalence of PPR in tested sera was 49.4%; seroprevalence values within species were 67.1, 48.2, 25.8, 2.1, and 21.7% in sheep, goat, cattle, camels, and gazelles, respectively. The highest seroprevalence (68.1%) was observed in sera collected from Darfur states, then the central states (54.3%). A total of 1276 lung tissue samples (623 sheep, 324 cattle, 220 camels, and 109 goats) were collected. The majority of lung samples were collected from clinically healthy animals that showed lesions on PM in slaughterhouses (95%) and during PPR outbreaks; samples were tested for PPR antigen using immunocapture ELISA (IcELISA). PPR antigen was detected in 233 out of the 1276 tested samples (18.3%). Positive results were observed in samples collected from clinically healthy and diseased animals. The observed prevalence values in each species were 33.6, 21.1, 15.4, and 12.3% in camel, goat, sheep, and cattle, respectively. PPR antigen was detected in samples from different areas; however, the highest prevalence (63.9%) was found in samples collected from the eastern states, then Khartoum state (28%). Trials for virus isolation were done in different cell cultures. Out of 30 IcELISA-positive samples inoculated in primary bovine and ovine kidney cells, Vero cells, the PPR virus was successfully isolated from 15 (eight sheep, five camels, and two goats) samples in the three cell culture types. Using RT-PCR, PPRV nucleic acid was detected in all 25 IcELISA-positive tested samples.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants/epidemiology , Ruminants/immunology , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Abattoirs , Animals , Animals, Domestic , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Camelus/immunology , Cattle/immunology , Chlorocebus aethiops , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Goats/immunology , Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus/isolation & purification , Prevalence , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sheep/immunology , Sheep, Domestic , Sudan/epidemiology , Vero CellsABSTRACT
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) may be due to infection, malignancy, collagen vascular/inflammatory disorders, or other causes. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a rare cause of FUO in immunocompetent adults. We present a case of FUO due to CMV in an immunocompetent adult with polyclonal gammopathy on serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP).
Subject(s)
Blood Protein Disorders/complications , Cytomegalovirus Infections/virology , Cytomegalovirus/immunology , Fever of Unknown Origin/virology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Protein Disorders/blood , Blood Protein Disorders/diagnosis , Blood Protein Electrophoresis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/blood , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Fever of Unknown Origin/blood , Fever of Unknown Origin/diagnosis , Ganciclovir/analogs & derivatives , Ganciclovir/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Treatment Outcome , ValganciclovirABSTRACT
Discography test associated with the scanner (discoscanner) is an exam that has been a renewed interest in recent few years. Thanks to the emergence of new interventions such as disc prosthesis, the procedures require confirmation of the disc level to deal with and the origin of discogenic symptoms. The aim of this paper is to describe the techniques, challenges and tips as well as the interpretation of functional and morphological examination.
