Prediction the changes of anthropometric indices following a weight-loss diet in overweight and obese women by mathematical models.

Estimating the change rates in body size following the weight loss programs is very important in the compliance of those programs. Although, there is enough evidence on the significant association of body weight change with the other anthropometric indices and/ or body composition, there is so limited studies that have depicted this relationship as mathematical formulas. Therefore, the present research designed to use a mathematical model to predict changes of anthropometric indices following a weight-loss diet in the overweight and obese women. In this longitudinal study, 212 overweight/obese women who received an individualized low-calorie diet (LCD) were selected and followed-up for five months. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and body composition (lean mass and fat mass) were performed. Then, body mass index, waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR), a body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and body adiposity index (BAI) were calculated using the related formula. Following the LCD led to the substantial and consistent changes in various anthropometric indices over time. All of these anthropometric variations were significantly related with the percent change (PC) of body weight except than WHR. Moreover, according to the mathematical formulas, weight loss was closely related to the decrease of WC (PC-WC = - 0.120 + 0.703 × PC-WT), HC (PC-HC = - 0.350 + 0.510 × PC-WT), body fat percentage (PC-Body Fat = - 0.019 + 0.915 × PC-WT), WHtR (PC-WHtR = - 0.113 + 0.702 × PC-WT), and improvements in ABSI (PC-ABSI = - 0.112 + 0.034 × PC-WT) and AVI (PC-AVI = - 0.324 + 1.320 × PC-WT). The decreasing rates of WC, HC, body fat percentage, WHtR, ABSI, and AVI in relation to the weight loss were clinically and statistically significant. This means that a healthy weight lowering diet would be accompanied by decreasing the body fat, body size and also the risk of morbidities.

High-fat low-carbohydrate enteral feeding enriched with olive oil and acute respiratory failure: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The study evaluated the impact of two types of high fat diet on the outcomes of acute pulmonary failure. METHODS: A total of 93 Ventilated acute pulmonary failure patients with enteral feeding were assigned randomly to the control group with carbohydrate-based formula (protein: 20%, fat: 30%, carbohydrate: 50%) and two study groups with fat-based formula, including group A (protein: 20%, In equal proportions of olive and sunflower oil 45%, charbohydrate:35%) and group B (protein: 20%, sunflower oil:45%, charbohydrate:35%). The diets were prescribed for 14 days. RESULTS: In each group, 16 patients completed the study. The PaCO2 decreased significantly in the study group A compared with the control group at weaning. The risk of separation from mechanical ventilation during study period was eight times higher in the study group A than the control group. On day 10 of intervention, serum hs-CRP decreased significantly in the control group and the study group A compared to the baseline. Serum concentration of total antioxidant capacity was increased significantly in the study group A on day 10 of the intervention, but in the other two groups it was reduced. Gastrointestinal complications, including diarrhea and high gastric residual volume, were not different between the groups. CONCLUSION: With a fat-based diet high in olive oil, more patients were weaned during the study period. This diet reduced the PaCo2 at weaning, reduced the serum level of hs-CRP, and increased the serum level of total antioxidant capacity concentration. Fat-based diet high in sunflower oil did not have any beneficial effects on outcomes.

Effect of Fat-based versus Carbohydrate-based Enteral Feeding on Glycemic Control in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of high-fat enteral feeding on glycemic control and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was done on 42 normoglycemic patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Patients were randomly classified into three groups of 14 each. Control group (A) received carbohydrate-based diet (protein: 20%, fat: 30%, and carbohydrate: 50%), study groups received two types of high-fat diet; Group B (protein: 20%, fat: 45% including half of olive oil and half sunflower oil, and carbohydrate: 35%); and Group C (protein: 20%, fat: 45% including sunflower oil, and carbohydrate: 35%) in the first 48 h of admission. RESULTS: Basal characteristics of participants were the same. After the feeding trial, there was no difference between the groups in mean plasma and capillary glucose levels and insulin requirements. Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level was increased significantly in Group B on day 10 compared to admission level (40.75 ± 5.58 vs. 43.56 ± 2.25, P = 0.05). We did not find any difference in organ failure involvement and mortality rate between groups. The number of ICU free days was significantly more in Group B compared to the control group (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: High-fat diets have no preventive effect on stress hyperglycemia. High monounsaturated fat diet may increase serum HDL-cholesterol level and decrease the length of stay in ICU.

A School-Based Intervention to Reduce Excess Weight in Overweight and Obese Primary School Students.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of an intervention for reducing excess weight gain in primary school-age children in Tehran. METHODS: A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in 12 primary schools in Tehran. Three hundred thirty-four pupils, 167 in the intervention and 167 in the comparison group, determined to be overweight or obese based on World Health Organization standards, were recruited for the study. The intervention included nutrition education and increased physical activity (PA) for the pupils, lifestyle modification for parents, and a change in food items sold at the schools' canteens. The entire intervention lasted approximately 18 weeks. Measures were taken before and immediately after the intervention. RESULTS: The intervention significantly reduced body mass index Z-score and hip circumference (p = .003 and p < .001, respectively). Waist circumference increased in both groups, but the increase was higher in the comparison group (p = .001). No significant difference was seen in time spent on TV viewing between groups (p = .08). Vigorous PA increased in the intervention group (p < .001), while the comparison group showed an increase in moderate activity only (p < .001). Energy intake increased significantly in the intervention group (p < .001). Neither triceps skinfold thickness nor time spent on the computer changed in the intervention group (p = .51 and p = .1, respectively), while they increased in the comparison group (p < .001 and p = .004, respectively). CONCLUSION: The study provides a successful model for the implementation of similar interventions throughout the country.