[Cellular gliosis of the human brain white matter and its significance in pathogenesis of focal epilepsy]. / Kletochnyi glioz belogo veshchestva bol'shogo mozga cheloveka i ego znachenie v patogeneze ochagovoi épilepsii.

The study was performed in operative material obtained during surgical interventions from 129 patients aged from 5 to 47 with focal (temporal) epilepsy. Disease duration made from 1.5 to 47 Ys. In majority of cases cell gliosis was developed in substantia alba. Its basic component are incompletely differentiated cell forming likely the precursors of astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. They were not identified by means of classic histological methods. Disturbance of isolating function of the axon myelinated coat caused by myelinopathy and partial or complete demyelinization serves a stimulus to development of pronounced gliosis. In such case gliosis of substantia alba should be considered as compensatory adaptive reaction.

[The use of plasmathrombocytapheresis in the combined treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. / Primenenie plazmotrombotsitafereza v kompleksnom lechenii revmatoidnogo artrita.

One of the possible ways to correct platelet hemostasis in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is inclusion of plasmathrombocytapheresis (PTCA) into complex therapy. This operation is pathogenically approved in changes of platelet morphofunctional state. To perform PTCA it is possible to use the blood fractionator BF-3.5. PTCA represents the transfusiologic operation consisted of premedication, vascular approach, hemodilution, blood stabilization and the main part of operation. The positive effect during the PTCA use according to our program was achieved in 93 +/- 2% of the cases. PTCA can be considered as the procedure of choice in complex therapy of RA patients with disorders in platelet chain of hemostasis that permits to decrease rapidly the disease activity and to reduce the period of patient hospital treatment.

[Structural and functional changes of bone marrow stroma in chronic lymphocytic leukemia]. / Strukturnaia i funktsional'naia perestroika stromy kostnogo mozga pri khronicheskom limfotsitarnom lekoze.

Marrow stroma was investigated in 20 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Such morphological and functional features as adipose tissue reduction, sinusoid pattern obliteration and increased number of reticular cells were identified as typical of marrow stroma in such patients. Foci of fibrosis, nuclear bodies in stromal cell nuclei and heightened proliferation of stromal precursors in organ cultures were recorded in the subendostal and perivascular areas in 60% of patients with diffuse lesions of bone marrow. Bone marrow stroma was shown to suffer morphological and functional changes which were particularly pronounced in diffuse lesions of the bone marrow. Such changes may be traced both to the malignant clone of lymphoid cells and stromal lesions.

[Structural changes in the parenchymatous organs in animals in venous gas embolism of varying intensity and acute decompression disease]. / Strukturnye izmeneniia v parenkhimatoznykh organakh u zhivotnykh pri razlichnoi intensivnosti venoznoi gazovoi émbolii i ostroi dekompressionnoi bolezni.

Structural changes in tissues of liver, kidneys and lungs were studied in guinea pigs in post-decompressive gas venous embolism of high and low intensity. In moderate gas venous embolism cells of the organs studied display cytoplasm vacuolization due to the rupture of inner mitochondrial membrane and appearance of single rounded spheroidal structure with homogeneous contents situated near the cell nuclei that were thought to reflect formation of gas bubble within the cell. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of formation of chronic decompressive disorders in asymptomatic gas formation are discussed.

[The morphological characteristics of cell death in different forms of acute tick-borne encephalitis]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti kletochnoi gibeli pri razlichnykh formakh ostrogo kleshchevogo éntsefalita.

The study was aimed to identify different types of cell death in monkey brain in flavivirus experimental encephalitis. 10 brain areas most vulnerable ("indicator") of the disease in its different forms (symptomless, intermediate and severe) were examined in animals infected intracerebrally with viruses of tick-borne encephalitis. Cells of ectodermal and mesenchymal origin displayed apoptosis that was most pronounced in intermediate form of the severity of the disease. Apoptosis was not characteristic for the symptomless form of tick-borne encephalitis. Two types of apoptosis morphological manifestations in nerve cells were described.

[Morphology of epileptic leukoencephalopathy]. / Morfologiia épilepticheskoi leikoéntsefalopatii.

Special interest has never been focused on the pathology of white matter in the epileptogenic brain. In the authors' material obtained from 129 patients in the course of the open surgery because of temporal epilepsy marked alterations of the white matter of the temporal lobe were found. These alterations include different processes which can be combined in general syndrome of epileptic leukoencephalopathy. Changes in the vascular system of the brain include: arterial wall sclerosis, hyalinosis, and arterial convolution development, abnormal structure of the brain blood barrier. Pathology of myelin include heavy damage of sheets and total demyelinisation of some axons. Cyst formation with complex walls; gliosis-apparently the majority part of cells are young astrocytes. All these alterations in white matter contribute to pathogenesis of epilepsy.

[Morphologic and functional features of hemopoietic microenvironment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. / Morfofunktsional'nye osobennosti krovetvornogo mikrookruzheniia pri ostrykh limfoblastnykh leikozakh.

Data of the histological, ultrastructural and culture cell investigations of bone marrow microenvironment in 20 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are presented. Morphological and functional peculiarities of the patients' bone marrow stroma different from that in healthy subjects were identified. They included distorted histotopographic patterns of stroma-hemopoietic cell-to-cell interaction, obliteration of sinusoid counts, resorption on the sites of internal bone support structures, a changed stromal cells ratio, formation of reticular cell clusters in the subendosteal and perivascular bone marrow areas, fibroid centers, the presence of nuclear bodies in stromal cell nuclei and an intensified proliferation of stromal cell precursors in organ tissue cultures. Morphological and functional changes in bone marrow microenvironment were detected in ALL patients, which could have been caused both by malignant cell clones and stromal defects.

[Structural basis for the regulation of the neuronal sensitivity]. / Strukturnye osnovy reguliatsii chuvstvitel'nosti neironov.

Using light and electron microscopy structural bases for intracellular, extracellular and integrative regulation of synaptic efficiency and neuron sensitivity were established in rat sensomotor cortex. Intracellular regulation is realized basically through modulation of postsynaptic components of the synapse, while extracellular one is provided by synaptic endings of "recurrent" axons on GABA-ergic relay and interneurons. Integrative regulation is realized by means of concentration of similar axonal terminals in restricted cortical area and arrangement of "neuromediatory" pool.

[The structure of pseudocystic formations in the temporal lobe in focal epilepsy]. / Stroenie psevdokistoznykh obrazovanii v visochnoi dole mozga pri ochagovoi épilepsii.

The material obtained in open operative interventions from 117 patients with focal (temporal) epilepsy was studied. In 58% of the observations rounded and oval-shaped cavities with distinct borders without any lining, i.e. pseudocystic structures were found. By morphological traits they could be related to cribllurs as there is a vessel in each cavity. All-level disturbance of intracerebral vessels and damage of blood-brain barrier together with hypoxia associated with it are probably the reason for criblir development. Pseudocystic structures that are not connected with the vessel lesion could be of another, sometimes inflammatory genesis. Thus, pseudocystic structures that unite in a network of channels connected with subarachnoidal space occur in temporal lobe in focal epilepsy in over half of cases.

[Morphological changes of cryopreserved erythrocytes in heart surgery patients under effects of continuous perfusion]. / Morfologicheskie izmeneniia krioéritrotsitov kardiokhirurgicheskikh bol'nykh pod vliianiem dlitel'noi perfuzii.

Cryopreserved erythrocytes with the period of storage from 5 to 12 months were studied in 10 cardiosurgical patients under conditions of scanning electron microscopy. It was established that among unfrozen erythrocytes of patients with rheumatic diseases of the heart there were (84.25 +/- 0.7)% of normocytes and only (4.25 +/- 1.03)% of deformed cells. During the experimental perfusion the amount of normocytes decreased to (57.50 +/- 1.80)% and the amount of destroyed normocytes inconsiderably increased by the 4th hour of perfusion. The intermediate forms of erythrocytes had a clear tendency to an increase of their amount. The results obtained can show that cryoerythrocytes of cardiosurgical patients are sufficiently resistant to unfavorable factors of the artificial blood circulation, are not inferior to donor erythrocytes by their morphological properties and can be taken as a basis for transfusion therapy in operations on the open heart.

[The ultrastructure of the blood-air barrier and of the large (granular) epitheliocytes (type-2 alveolocytes) in patients with acquired defects and ischemic heart disease before and after surgical treatment]. / Ul'trastruktura aérogematicheskogo bar'era i bol'shikh (granuliarnykh) épiteliotsitov (al'veolotsitov vtorogo tipa) u bol'nykh c priobretennymi porokami i ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa do i posle khirurgicheskogo lecheniia.

Ultrastructure of air-hematic barrier and efficiency of alpha-tocopherolum use for prophylaxis of toxic effect of oxygen used for artificial pulmonary ventilation (APV) and oxygenation of blood outside lungs were studied in 27 patients with mitral and aortal valve diseases and ischemic disease before the operation and on its stages. Macroscopically unchanged lung regions were studied before the heart-lung apparatus switching, 40-45 minutes after clamping the artery in conditions of disturbed blood circulation and 10 minutes after hemostation in pulmonary artery. 6 patients were treated with 100% oxygen for 30 minutes before APV finishing while the other 6 previously received alpha-tocopherolum. Disturbance of the structure of the outermost cell membrane in type I alveolocytes and endotheliocytes, widening of basal layers and their fibers and disorders in the osmiophilic lamellar bodies were established to determine the severity of condition of patients with mitral valve diseases.

[The neuronal theory and new concepts of the structure of the nervous system]. / Neironnaia teoriia i novye kontseptsii stroeniia nervnoi sistemy.

An analysis of neuron theory modern state was carried out on the base of data from literature and available material. The idea of anatomic, functional and biochemical polarity self-dependence of a neuron and its histochemical polarity have changed significantly. It is said to be confirmed that neuron does not work on its own, its trophics is impossible without glia and one neuron may contain not one but several mediators combined with modulators and regulatory neuropeptides. Postulates on the nervous system module organization seems to be the most well-grounded.

[The cerebral cortex in severe penetrating gunshot craniocerebral trauma (an experimental study)]. / Sostoianie kory bol'shogo mozga pri tiazheloi pronikaiushchei ognestrel'noi cherepno-mozgovoi travme (éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

Gunshot disturbances of different severeness were induced in rabbit brain by means of specifically worked out experimental model. Cerebral cortex was studied using light and electron microscopy in severe gunshot craniocerebral trauma (SGCT), accompanied with cranial bones and cerebral disorders, plentiful external and internal hemorrhages and death of the animals 1-5 minutes after the shot. Peculiarities of responsiveness to trauma were demonstrated in microcirculatory bed elements, neurons and glial cells. SGCT causes rapid appearance of destructive changes in cerebral cortex with degenerative processes not following hemomicrocirculatory bed disturbances, but developing simultaneously with them.

[The identification of synapses in the cerebral cortex]. / Identifikatsiia sinapsov kory polusharii bol'shogo mozga.

The correlation between structure and function of synapses is discussed. Identification of 4 types of synapses has been made based on the authors' own evidence provided for the rat sensomotor cortex with the light and electron microscopy: 1--asymmetrical (excitatory, glutamate- or aspartatergic); 2--symmetrical (inhibitory, GABAergic); 3--symmetrical (disinhibitory, GABAergic); 4--symmetrical or asymmetrical (modulatory, monoaminergic). The ultrastructure of some synaptic categories may be equalized with their function. It makes possible to identify not only excitatory and inhibitory synapses, as considered before, but also disinhibitory and modulatory ones.

[Changes in the cerebral cortex in closed craniocerebral trauma of gunshot origin (experimental research)]. / Izmeneniia kory golovnogo mozga pri zakrytoi cherepno-mozgovoi travme ognestrel'nogo proiskhozhdeniia (éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

Cerebral cortex was studied morphologically in rabbits with concussion of brain induced by gunshot injury. The extent of severity was modelled by the bullet rate. No significant bleeding followed the injury allowing to observe the animals during the necessary terms (7-14 d.) Morphological study included light optical and electron microscopy. In neurons, glial cells and synapses a series of essential destructive changes in shown detectable predominantly on ultrastructural level that might be the base of psychoneurological complications of a distant period. Ballistic properties of a bullet were obviously fundamental to pathogenesis of brain concussion in these experiments as kinetic energy of the bullet was only sufficient for non significant damage of the skull soft tissue. But in contrast to the dull trauma, the blow was of a high speed and despite mild clinical characteristics caused essential diffuse structural disturbances in brain tissues.