Position statement: Recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia folliculitis.

Malassezia is a lipophilic yeast that is a part of the human mycobiome. Malassezia folliculitis appears when the benign colonization of the hair follicles, by the Malassezia yeasts, becomes symptomatic with pruritic papules and pustules. Although Malassezia folliculitis is common in hospital departments, diagnosing and treating it varies among dermatologists and countries. The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Mycology Task Force Malassezia folliculitis working group has, therefore, sought to develop these recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Malassezia folliculitis. Recommendations comprise methods for diagnosing Malassezia folliculitis, required positive findings before starting therapies and specific treatment algorithms for individuals who are immunocompetent, immunocompromised or who have compromised liver function. In conclusion, this study provides a clinical strategy for diagnosing and managing Malassezia folliculitis.

The role of occlusion and micro-incontinence in the pathogenesis of penile lichen sclerosus: an observational study of pro-inflammatory cytokines' gene expression.

PURPOSE: To assess the expression of selected cytokines in penile lichen sclerosus (PLS) and associate them with the occurrence of micro-incontinence (MI) in different stages of PLS. METHODS: The skin biopsies from 49 PLS affected, and 13 from nonlesional foreskins (healthy control adult males undergoing circumcision due to phimosis caused by short frenulum) were obtained. All specimens were used for RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. Quantitative assessment of the gene expression of interleukin 1-A (IL-1A), interleukin 1-B (IL-1B), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN), interleukin 6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) was performed. To determinate the presence of MI, the patients were asked about voiding patterns, especially leaking tiny drops of urine from the urethral meatus after urination. RESULTS: IL-1A, IL-6, and INF-γ mRNA levels were approximately 150, 16, and 59 times higher in PLS than in control samples, respectively. The highest IL-1A mRNA levels were observed in early PLS (n = 13), INF-γ in moderate PLS (n = 32), while IL-6 in severe PLS (n = 4). MI was noted in 45 PLS patients vs. 0 in control (p < 0.0001). IL-1A and IL-6 vs control ratios were concentration (ca.) 400 and 30 times higher, respectively, in MI PLS samples than in PLS without MI. CONCLUSION: Occlusion and irritating urine effect are associated with the clinical progression of penile LS with increased mRNA expression of IL-1A, INF-γ, and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines in the foreskin.

Dermoscopic Features of Leukemia Cutis-Case Series.

Leukemia cutis (LC) is a term describing skin lesions caused by cutaneous infiltration by hematological malignancies (myeloid or lymphoid). To our knowledge, there are no published reports on dermoscopic presentation of LC. The aim of the study was to analyze dermoscopic pattern in series of 5 patients with the diagnosis of LC.

Emerging antifungal treatment failure of dermatophytosis in Europe: take care or it may become endemic.

BACKGROUND: Dermatophytosis is a world-wide distributed common infection. Antifungal drug resistance in dermatophytosis used to be rare, but unfortunately the current Indian epidemic of atypical widespread recalcitrant and terbinafine-resistant dermatophytosis is spreading and has sporadically been reported in Europe. OBJECTIVES: To explore the occurrence of clinical and mycological proven antifungal drug resistance in dermatophytes in Europe. METHODS: A standardized questionnaire was distributed through the EADV Task Force of Mycology network to dermatologists in Europe. RESULTS: Representatives from 20 countries completed the questionnaires of which 17 (85 %) had observed clinical and/or mycological confirmed antifungal resistance, two countries published cases of antifungal resistance and one country had no known cases. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study confirms that both clinical and mycological antifungal resistance exist in Europe.

Dermoscopic and trichoscopic features of primary cutaneous lymphomas - systematic review.

Dermoscopy and trichoscopy are non-invasive methods used as auxiliary tools in diagnostics of different dermatoses. To date, no systematic review concerning the utility of dermoscopy and trichoscopy in the diagnostics of primary cutaneous lymphomas has been published. The aim of this study was to summarize the current state of knowledge on this topic based on systematic search of PubMed database and related references published before 8th of August 2020. Besides dermoscopic features, type of dermoscope, polarization mode, magnification, number of cases and histopathological correlation were analysed. A total of 34 records were included into the final analysis, evaluating 141 patients diagnosed with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and 70 patients with primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. Most of the analysed records evaluated dermoscopic features (n = 206); trichoscopy was analysed in only 5 cases. Structures most commonly observed in classical mycosis fungoides (n = 108) were fine short linear vessels/linear vessels, spermatozoa-like vessels and orange-yellow patchy areas. In folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (n = 12), most frequently observed were comedonal lesions/comedo openings/central keratotic plugs and white halo around hair follicles/perifollicular accentuation. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (n = 42) and primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma (n = 20) most commonly presented with salmon-coloured background and fine short/linear irregular/serpentine vessels. For other PCL, with less than 10 cases reported in the analysed records, details have been provided in the article. Most observations analysed in this systematic review rely on findings from case reports/case series (with the level of evidence V) and lack a control group. A few studies provided information concerning technical aspects of dermoscopic/trichoscopic examination. The role of dermoscopy/trichoscopy in diagnostics of cutaneous lymphomas requires further studies, especially in entities where dermoscopic features have been described in only single or a few cases. However, it seems that this practical, accessory tool in future may provide additional clues during clinical assessment.

The significance of dermoscopy and trichoscopy in differentiation of erythroderma due to various dermatological disorders.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of a patient with erythroderma may be difficult and sometimes pose a challenge for both dermatologist and pathologist. The role of dermoscopy in this area seems to be poorly investigated. There are only a few reports, with limited number of patients, describing dermoscopic features in erythroderma of various origins. To the best of our knowledge, none of the previous studies had included trichoscopic examination. OBJECTIVES: Analysis of dermoscopic and trichoscopic patterns in series of patients with erythroderma. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 28 adult patients who presented with erythroderma between May 2016 and August 2020. Demographic data, disease course and duration, previous treatment, as well as dermoscopic and trichoscopic features were analysed. RESULTS: There were 9 patients (32.1%) with the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides, 8 patients (28.5%) with atopic dermatitis, 3 patients (10.5%) with Sézary syndrome and 3 patients (10.5%) with pityriasis rubra pilaris. The others were diagnosed with allergic eczema (n = 1; 3.6%), dermatomyositis sine myositis (n = 1; 3.6%), psoriasis (n = 1; 3.6%), actinic reticuloid (n = 1; 3.6%) and crusted scabies (n = 1; 3.6%). Characteristic dermoscopic/trichoscopic patterns have been observed in erythroderma due to crusted scabies, psoriasis, dermatomyositis sine myositis, Sézary syndrome and pityriasis rubra pilaris. Differentiation of mycosis fungoides and long-standing atopic dermatitis based on dermoscopy is difficult, as the overlap of vessel morphology, background colour and scale colour exists. Similarly, differentiation between AD and AE based on dermoscopy/trichoscopy seems to be impossible, and clinical background is crucial. CONCLUSION: Dermoscopy and trichoscopy seem to provide additional clues in the assessment of erythrodermic patient. Depending on the underlying cause, trichoscopy or dermoscopy may be more useful.

STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6 proteins are overexpressed in human basal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The molecular pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is still not precisely described and is the subject of ongoing studies. The role of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in human epithelial carcinogenesis has been poorly investigated, but in the era of studies on inhibitors targeting STAT proteins this topic seems worth exploring. Increased expression of STAT3 in human nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been confirmed in a few studies, but to our knowledge, expression of STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6 in BCC has not been previously evaluated. AIM: To measure expression of STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6 expression in different histopathological subtypes of human BCC and its correlation with selected clinical variables. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to assess 60 BCC tumour specimens [20 superficial (s)BCCs, 20 nodular (n)BCCs and 20 infiltrative (i)BCCs] and to compare with specimens of healthy skin. There was no significant difference in age or sex between the three groups of patients with BCC. As many tumours showed heterogeneity of staining, the H-score system was applied to calculate the intensity of immunoexpression. RESULTS: Expression of STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6 was observed in all histopathological subtypes of BCC, and was stronger than the expression within the adjacent epidermis and also stronger than the expression within the epidermis in the healthy control group. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in mean H-scores calculated for sBCCs, nBCCs and iBCCs. There were no statistically significant associations between STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6 expression and patient sex/age, and tumour size/site. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm a possible role of STATs in the pathogenesis of BCC and should encourage future investigations on the possible therapeutic implications of this finding.

Validation of the dermatology-specific proxy instrument the Infants and Toddlers Dermatology Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND: The first dermatology-specific proxy health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument for children 0-4 years old with skin diseases, the Infants and Toddlers Dermatology Quality of Life (InToDermQoL), was recently developed. In order to avoid the problem of cross-cultural inequivalence focus groups work and pilot tests were organized simultaneously in all national centres of the project. The InToDermQoL showed good comprehensibility, clarity and acceptance. OBJECTIVE: To validate the InToDermQoL questionnaire during international field tests. METHODS: Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the InToDermQoL questionnaire were checked during international field tests. RESULTS: Parents of 473 children with skin diseases filled in the national language versions of the InToDermQoL questionnaire. All three age-specific versions of the InToDermQoL questionnaire with 10, 12 and 15 items, respectively, showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.90-0.93), good test-retest reliability (correlation coefficients > 0.9), significant correlations with the most widely used atopic dermatitis-specific proxy instrument, the Infants Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (correlation coefficients 0.68-0.79). The InToDermQoL versions for children <3 years old well correlated with the atopic dermatis severity measure Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (correlation coefficients 0.66 and 0.86 for 10 and 12 items versions, respectively). The InToDermQoL questionnaire discriminated well among different diagnoses and disease severity levels. CONCLUSION: Our field tests confirmed internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the InToDermQoL questionnaire. Development and validation of the InToDermQoL questionnaire make it possible to assess dermatology-specific aspects of HRQoL in youngest children with skin diseases. There are many reasons to assess HRQoL in dermatologic clinical practice, and we hope that our new instrument will be used internationally in paediatric dermatology for research and practical needs.

A survey among dermatologists: diagnostics of superficial fungal infections - what is used and what is needed to initiate therapy and assess efficacy?

BACKGROUND: Superficial fungal infections are common. It is important to confirm the clinical diagnosis by mycological laboratory methods before initiating systemic antifungal treatment, especially as antifungal sensitivity and in vitro susceptibility may differ between different genera and species. For many years, the gold standard for diagnosis of superficial fungal infections has been direct fungal detection in the clinical specimen (microscopy) supplemented by culturing. Lately, newer molecular based methods for fungal identification have been developed. OBJECTIVE: This study was initiated to focus on the current usage of mycological diagnostics for superficial fungal infections by dermatologists. It was designed to investigate whether it was necessary to differentiate between initial diagnostic tests and those used at treatment follow-up in specific superficial fungal infections. METHODS: An online questionnaire was distributed among members of the EADV mycology Task Force and other dermatologists with a special interest in mycology and nail disease. RESULTS: The survey was distributed to 62 dermatologists of whom 38 (61%) completed the whole survey, 7 (11%) partially completed and 17 (27%) did not respond. Nearly, all respondents (82-100%) said that ideally they would use the result of direct microscopy (or histology) combined with a genus/species directed treatment of onychomycosis, dermatophytosis, Candida- and Malassezia-related infections. The majority of the dermatologists used a combination of clinical assessment and direct microscopy for treatment assessment and the viability of the fungus was considered more important at this visit than when initiating the treatment. Molecular based methods were not available for all responders. CONCLUSION: The available diagnostic methods are heterogeneous and their usage differs between different practices as well as between countries. The survey confirmed that dermatologists find it important to make a mycological diagnosis, particularly prior to starting oral antifungal treatment in order to confirm the diagnose and target the therapy according to genus and species.