Long-Term Complications of the Neurogenic Bladder.

It is widely accepted that neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction, when left untreated, has a natural history that has a potential for causing deterioration of renal function over time. However, certain patient profiles are at risk for this and other complications. This can be linked to their underlying neurologic disease process. Identifying risk profiles allows the provider to determine what surveillance strategies might be adopted. Risk factors for upper urinary tract deterioration include loss of bladder compliance, repeated bouts of pyelonephritis, and chronic indwelling catheterization. Other long-term complications include nephrolithiasis, refractory urinary incontinence, and malignancy.

Vasectomy Reversal Surgical Patterns: An Analysis of the American Board of Urology Case Logs.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize vasectomy reversal practice patterns among American Board of Urology (ABU) certifying urologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the ABU case logs for certifying urologists from 2008 to 2014. Vasectomy reversal procedures were identified by 3 current procedure terminology (CPT) codes: 55400 (vasovasostomy), 54900 (epididymovasostomy, unilateral), and 54901 (epididymovasostomy, bilateral). Demographic data were obtained and reviewed. Multivariate analysis determined the factors influencing the performance of surgical approach. RESULTS: There were 5167 urologists who submitted case logs for 2008-2014, and 9.4% (486) had performed at least one vasectomy reversal procedure. General urologists accounted for the highest overall volume of vasectomy reversal procedures. Andrology-trained urologists performed a higher volume of vasovasostomy per surgeon, and bilateral epididymovasostomy constituted a greater portion of their E-V practice. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that being in recertification years, being younger in age, practicing in the South Central, Southeast, and Western regions, and practicing in the largest and smallest practice areas were associated with being more likely to perform a vasectomy reversal procedure. CONCLUSION: Microsurgical vasectomy reversals are putatively considered technically challenging and reserved for fellowship-trained urologists, and the majority of vasectomy reversal surgeries were performed by general urologists. Given the known association between microsurgical technique and improved outcomes, greater emphasis should be placed on microsurgical training during urology residency.

Weight Loss Following Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: Characterization and Effect on Survival.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of postoperative weight loss (WL) following radical cystectomy (RC) and its association with mortality. Nutritional status is recognized as a potential modifiable risk factor for postoperative complications following RC for bladder cancer. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recognize WL as a diagnostic measure for malnutrition. METHODS: Seventy-one patients underwent RC for bladder cancer between July 2008 and July 2013, in whom peri-operative weights were documented regularly. The primary predictor variable was substantial WL defined as ≥ 10% WL by postoperative month 1. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis; logistic regression was used for multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Mean postoperative WL at 2 weeks was 9.5 lbs (-5.2%), 14.3 lbs (-7.8%) at 1 month, 16.9 lbs (-9.0%) at 2 months, 12.6 lbs (-6.9%) at 3 months, and 8.9 lbs (-4.6%) at 4 months. Forty-two percent of patients met criteria for substantial WL. At 19 months median follow-up, the overall mortality rate was 31% (22 of 71), which rose to 64% (14 of 22) in patients who experienced substantial WL (P < .05). Substantial WL trended towards significance on multivariate analysis (P = .07). There was a significant decrease in 5-year survival in patients with ≥ 10% WL (log rank P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients experience WL following RC, which may be indicative of malnutrition. Substantial WL may predict for poor overall survival. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether nutritional optimization can prevent significant WL and improve outcomes.

Impact of tumor histology and grade on treatment success of percutaneous renal cryoablation.

BACKGROUND: We analyzed oncological outcomes in patients who underwent percutaneous renal cryoablation (PRC) with documented renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by perioperative biopsy. METHODS: Multicenter retrospective analysis of 153 patients [median follow-up 48 months] who underwent PRC from 09/2005 to 08/2014 was performed. We divided the cohort into patients who developed recurrence versus no recurrence. Kaplan-Meier analyses examined recurrence-free survival (RFS) according to grade and histology. Multivariable analysis (MVA) was performed to identify factors associated with tumor recurrence. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-three patients were analyzed [18 patients (11.8 %) with recurrence and 135 (88.2 %) patients without recurrence]. There were no differences between the groups with respect to demographics, RENAL score, and number of probes utilized. Recurrence group had larger tumor size (3.1 vs. 2.4 cm; p = 0.011), upper pole tumor location (p = 0.016), and greater proportions of high-grade tumor (33 vs. 0.7 %; p < 0.001) and clear cell histology (77.8 vs. 45.9 %; p = 0.011). Four-year RFS was 100 versus 80 % for grade 1 versus grade 2/3 tumors (p = 0.0002), and 97 versus 88 % for other RCC versus clear cell RCC (p = 0.07). MVA demonstrated tumor size >3 cm (OR 2.46; p = 0.019), clear cell histology (OR 2.12; p = 0.027), and high tumor grade (OR 2.33, p < 0.001) as independent risk factors associated with tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Association of higher grade and clear cell histology with recurrence and progression suggests need for increased emphasis on preoperative risk stratification by biopsy, with grade 1 and non-clear cell RCC being associated with improved treatment success than higher grade and clear cell RCC.

Clinical and microbiological determinants of infection after transrectal prostate biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of infections following transrectal prostate biopsy (TPB) at our hospital led us to investigate clinical and bacterial risk factors to determine if the colonizing rectal Escherichia coli population is the source. METHODS: We performed an observational cohort study of men undergoing TPB (1 January 2010-6 February 2014) at the San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The primary outcome was clinically significant post-TPB infection. Rectal swabs were collected immediately before the biopsy and cultured selectively for fluoroquinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical and rectal E. coli isolates were compared using phylotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, sequence typing, and virulence gene profiling. RESULTS: Rectal colonization with fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms (98% E. coli) was detected in 121 of 764 subjects (15.8%). Post-TPB infection was more common among fluoroquinolone-resistant-colonized subjects than noncolonized subjects (13/121 [10.7%] vs 8/649 [1.2%]; P < .001). Presence of fluoroquinolone-resistant colonizing E. coli was the most significant host characteristic associated with post-TPB infection (odds ratio, 4.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.2-18.2]; P = .03). Escherichia coli infection isolates (n = 18) did not differ from E. coli rectal culture isolates (n = 68) for any of 49 virulence genes or ST131 status (all P > .05). The rectal and clinical isolates of all 9 men with paired isolates had indistinguishable PFGE patterns and identical antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. CONCLUSIONS: The rectal colonizing E. coli population is the source for most fluoroquinolone-resistant post-TPB infections, regardless of clonal background or virulence traits. Screening cultures can identify nearly all patients at risk for fluoroquinolone-resistant post-TPB infection.

Resolution rate of isolated low-grade hydronephrosis diagnosed within the first year of life.

OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis of low-grade hydronephrosis often occurs prenatally, during evaluation after urinary tract infection (UTI), or imaging for non-urologic reasons within the first year of life. Its significance in terms of resolution, need for antibiotic prophylaxis, or progression to surgery remains uncertain. We hypothesized that isolated low-grade hydronephrosis in this population frequently resolves, UTIs are infrequent, and progression to surgical intervention is minimal. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children < 12 months old diagnosed hydronephrosis (Society for Fetal Urology [SFU] grade 1 or 2) between January 2004 and December 2009 were identified by ICD9 code. Patients with other urological abnormalities were excluded. Stability of hydronephrosis, UTI (≥ 100,000 CFU/mL bacterial growth) or need for surgical intervention was noted. RESULTS: Of 1496 infants with hydronephrosis, 416 (623 renal units) met inclusion criteria. Of 398 renal units with grade 1 hydronephrosis, 385 (96.7%) resolved or remained stable. Only 13 (3.3%) worsened, of which one underwent ureteroneocystostomy. Of 225 renal units with grade 2 hydronephrosis, 222 (98.7%) resolved, improved or remained stable, three (1.3%) worsened, of which one required pyeloplasty. Only 0.7% of patients in the ambulatory setting had a febrile UTI. CONCLUSIONS: Low-grade hydronephrosis diagnosed within the first year of life remains stable or improves in 97.4% of renal units. Given the low rate of recurrent UTI in the ambulatory setting, antibiotic prophylaxis has a limited role in management.

Fluoroquinolone resistant rectal colonization predicts risk of infectious complications after transrectal prostate biopsy.

PURPOSE: Infection after transrectal prostate biopsy has become an increasing concern due to fluoroquinolone resistant bacteria. We determined whether colonization identified by rectal culture can identify men at high risk for post-transrectal prostate biopsy infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six institutions provided retrospective data through a standardized, web based data entry form on patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy who had rectal culture performed. The primary outcome was any post-transrectal prostate biopsy infection and the secondary outcome was hospital admission 30 days after transrectal prostate biopsy. We used chi-square and logistic regression statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2,673 men underwent rectal culture before transrectal prostate biopsy from January 1, 2007 to September 12, 2013. The prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance was 20.5% (549 of 2,673). Fluoroquinolone resistant positive rectal cultures were associated with post-biopsy infection (6.6% vs 1.6%, p <0.001) and hospitalization (4.4% vs 0.9%, p <0.001). Fluoroquinolone resistant positive rectal culture increased the risk of infection (OR 3.98, 95% CI 2.37-6.71, p <0.001) and subsequent hospital admission (OR 4.77, 95% CI 2.50-9.10, p <0.001). If men only received fluoroquinolone prophylaxis, the infection and hospitalization proportion increased to 8.2% (28 of 343) and 6.1% (21 of 343), with OR 4.77 (95% CI 2.50-9.10, p <0.001) and 5.67 (95% CI 3.00-10.90, p <0.001), respectively. The most common fluoroquinolone resistant bacteria isolates were Escherichia coli (83.7%). Limitations include the retrospective study design, nonstandardized culture and interpretation of resistance methods. CONCLUSIONS: Colonization of fluoroquinolone resistant organisms in the rectum identifies men at high risk for infection and subsequent hospitalization from prostate biopsy, especially in those with fluoroquinolone prophylaxis only.

Inflammatory response to Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in the neurogenic bladder of the spinal cord injured host.

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infections cause significant morbidity in patients with spinal cord injury. An in vivo spinal cord injured rat model of experimental Escherichia coli urinary tract infection mimics human disease with enhanced susceptibility to urinary tract infection compared to controls. We hypothesized that a dysregulated inflammatory response contributes to enhanced susceptibility to urinary tract infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spinal cord injured and sham injured rats were inoculated transurethrally with E. coli. Transcript levels of 84 inflammatory pathway genes were measured in bladder tissue of each group before infection, 24 hours after infection and after 5 days of antibiotic therapy. RESULTS: Before infection quantitative polymerase chain reaction array revealed greater than twofold up-regulation in the proinflammatory factor transcripts slc11a1, ccl4 and il1ß, and down-regulation of the antimicrobial peptides lcn2 and mpo in spinal cord injured vs control bladders. At 24 hours after infection spinal cord injured bladders showed an attenuated innate immune response with decreased expression of il6, slc11a1, il1ß and lcn2, and decreased il10 and slpi expression compared to controls. Despite clearance of bacteriuria with antibiotics spinal cord injured rats had delayed induction of il6 transcription and a delayed anti-inflammatory response with decreased il10 and slpi transcript levels relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal cord injured bladders fail to mount a characteristic inflammatory response to E. coli infection and cannot suppress inflammation after infection is eliminated. This may lead to increased susceptibility to urinary tract infection and persistent chronic inflammation through neural mediated pathways, which to our knowledge remain to be defined.

Reviewing definitions of urinary continence in the contemporary spina bifida literature: a call for clarity.

BACKGROUND: Urinary continence is a common goal for children with spina bifida and their physicians. However, definitions of urinary continence vary widely across published studies. We systematically assessed the utilization of common definitions of urinary continence in the spina bifida literature. METHODS: We searched library databases for reports (2000-2012) describing urinary continence outcomes in children with spina bifida. We assessed various patient-level factors such as age, lesion level, surgical history, and use of additional therapies, as well as study-level factors such as study design, country of origin, continence definition(s), and method of data collection. RESULTS: Of 473 identified articles, 105 met inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 3209 patients. Of these, 1791 patients (56%) were deemed continent by the study authors. Only 60 studies (57%) clearly defined what they considered to be "continent". The most common definition, used in 24% of all reports, was "always dry". There was no association between journal of publication (p = 0.13), publication year (p = 0.86), study size (p = 0.26), or study country (p = 0.43) and likelihood of a continence definition being included in the manuscript. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent definition of urinary continence in the spina bifida literature is "always dry". However, definitions were highly variable, and many authors did not define continence at all. Clinicians and researchers alike would be better able to apply research findings toward improving patient care if continence definitions were more explicitly reported and less variable.

Symptomatic bilateral delayed partial ureteral obstruction after bilateral endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid polymer.

Endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux using dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux) is a widely used technique. Complications are uncommon, and ureteral obstruction occurs particularly infrequently. We present a case of delayed symptomatic partial bilateral ureteral obstruction after bilateral high-volume (>1.0 mL) Deflux injections that required surgical repair 16 months after injection (Clavien classification IIIb.) Bilateral delayed obstruction after endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux has not been previously reported. Previous reports of immediate and delayed ureteral obstruction after Deflux injection are reviewed.