ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A variety of valid pediatric pain assessment tools are used in clinical practice globally; however, none have been validated for use in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in Greece. Furthermore, the association between pain behavioral responses and clinical status is unclear. AIMS: To assess the reliability and validity of the Greek version of FLACC, Comfort B, and BPS pain scales in critically ill children and to explore their association with clinical severity (Denver MOF, PMODS) and levels of sedation and analgesia. METHODS: A methodological and descriptive correlational study was performed in a 6-bed PICU. A total of 60 observations in a sample of 30 children (mean age 4.1 years; 63.3% male) were obtained by 2 independent nurses during rest and painful procedures. At the same time, the bedside nurse assessed the child's pain intensity using the VASobs. RESULTS: High internal consistency and strong interrater reliability were detected (Cronbach's alpha ≥ .85; ICC > .95, p < .001). The agreement between observers was satisfactory (0.71 ≤ Kappa ≤ 0.96, p < .001). Strong correlations were found among the scales (0.65 ≤ rho ≤0 .98, p < .05). Increased pain scores (≥moderate pain) were observed during painful procedures regardless the administration of analgesia. Statistically significant correlations were found between clinical severity and the FLACC and Comfort B scores (-0.577 ≤ rho ≤ -0.384, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: These pain tools were found to be suitable for this sample of children in Greece. Wider application of these tools in Greek PICUs and further research regarding their association with the clinical severity and the pain responses is required for the improvement of pain management in critically ill children.
Subject(s)
Pain Measurement/instrumentation , Patient Acuity , Psychometrics/standards , Child , Child, Preschool , Critical Illness/psychology , Critical Illness/therapy , Female , Greece , Humans , Infant , Male , Pain Measurement/methods , Pain Measurement/standards , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Psychometrics/methods , Reproducibility of Results , TranslatingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to meta-analyze studies that have assessed the medication errors rate in pediatric patients during prescribing, dispensing, and drug administration. SOURCES: searches were performed in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Trip databases, selecting articles published in English from 2001 to 2010. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: a total of 25 original studies that met inclusion criteria were selected, which referred to pediatric inpatients or pediatric patients in emergency departments aged 0-16 years, and assessed the frequency of medication errors in the stages of prescribing, dispensing, and drug administration. CONCLUSIONS: the combined medication error rate for prescribing errors to medication orders was 0.175 (95% Confidence Interval: [CI] 0.108-0.270), the rate of prescribing errors to total medication errors was 0.342 (95% CI: 0.146-0.611), that of dispensing errors to total medication errors was 0.065 (95% CI: 0.026-0.154), and that ofadministration errors to total medication errors was 0.316 (95% CI: 0.148-0.550). Furthermore, the combined medication error rate for administration errors to drug administrations was 0.209 (95% CI: 0.152-0.281). Medication errors constitute a reality in healthcare services. The medication process is significantly prone to errors, especially during prescription and drug administration. Implementation of medication error reduction strategies is required in order to increase the safety and quality of pediatric healthcare. .
OBJETIVO: analisar estudos de meta-análise que avaliaram o índice de erros de medicação em pacientes pediátricos na prescrição, liberação e administração de medicamentos. FONTES DOS DADOS: foram feitas buscas nas bases de dados Pubmed, Biblioteca Cochrane e Trip, selecionando artigos publicados em inglês de 2001 a 2010. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: um total de 25 estudos originais que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foi selecionado e está relacionado a pacientes pediátricos internados ou pacientes pediátricos nos Serviços de Emergência, com idades entre 0-16 anos. Esses estudos avaliaram a frequência de erros de medicação nas etapas de prescrição, liberação e administração de medicamentos. CONCLUSÕES: o índice combinado de erros de medicação para erros na prescrição/solicitação de medicação foi igual a 0,175 (com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%: 0,108-0,270); para erros na prescrição/total de erros de medicação foi 0,342, com IC de 95%: 0,146-0,611; para erros na liberação/total de erros de medicação foi 0,065, com IC de 95%: 0,026-0,154; e para erros na administração/total de erros de medicação foi 0,316, com IC de 95%: 0,148-0,550. Adicionalmente, o índice combinado de erros de medicação para erros na administração/administração de medicamentos foi igual a 0,209, com IC de 95%: 0,152-0,281. Erros de medicação constituem uma realidade nos serviço de saúde. O processo de medicação é significativamente propenso a erros, principalmente na prescrição e administração de medicamentos. Precisa haver a implementação de estratégias de redução dos erros de medicação ...
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Medication Errors/statistics & numerical data , Medication Systems, Hospital/standards , Attitude of Health Personnel , Confidence Intervals , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization , Medical Records , Medication Errors/prevention & controlABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to meta-analyze studies that have assessed the medication errors rate in pediatric patients during prescribing, dispensing, and drug administration. SOURCES: searches were performed in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Trip databases, selecting articles published in English from 2001 to 2010. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: a total of 25 original studies that met inclusion criteria were selected, which referred to pediatric inpatients or pediatric patients in emergency departments aged 0-16 years, and assessed the frequency of medication errors in the stages of prescribing, dispensing, and drug administration. CONCLUSIONS: the combined medication error rate for prescribing errors to medication orders was 0.175 (95% Confidence Interval: [CI] 0.108-0.270), the rate of prescribing errors to total medication errors was 0.342 (95% CI: 0.146-0.611), that of dispensing errors to total medication errors was 0.065 (95% CI: 0.026-0.154), and that ofadministration errors to total medication errors was 0.316 (95% CI: 0.148-0.550). Furthermore, the combined medication error rate for administration errors to drug administrations was 0.209 (95% CI: 0.152-0.281). Medication errors constitute a reality in healthcare services. The medication process is significantly prone to errors, especially during prescription and drug administration. Implementation of medication error reduction strategies is required in order to increase the safety and quality of pediatric healthcare.
