The life cycle of Magnivitellinum saltaensis n. sp. (Digenea: Alloglossidiidae) in Salta Province, Argentina.

We describe the alloglossiid trematode Magnivitellinum saltaensis n. sp., a parasite of the characiform fish Psalidodon endy, and its life cycle from Salta, northwest of Argentina. This is the first life cycle described for a species belonging to the genus Magnivitellinum. Cercariae emerged naturally from Biomphalaria tenagophila snails and infected experimentally exposed larvae of Diptera and Ephemeroptera as second intermediate hosts. These larvae in turn were exposed to commercially raised fish, and adults were recovered from characiform albino fish Gymnocorymbus ternetzi. Molecular analysis of natural and experimental adults showed the same genetic sequence for the partial region of 28S rDNA, thus confirming conspecificity. Comparison of these sequences with those published for M. simplex from Mexico showed 1.45% divergence, indicating that the specimens found in Salta belong to a different species, the third described of Magnivitellinum, in agreement with morphological data, geographical location, and host species composition. The new species is distinguished by its small body, vitelline follicles extending from the mid-level of the ventral sucker, Y-shaped excretory vesicle, and presence of papillae around the mouth.

The Life Cycle of Heterophyes yacyretana n. sp. (Digenea, Heterophyidae), Parasitic in the Endemic Snail Aylacostoma chloroticum (Caenogastropoda, Thiaridae) in Argentina.

Here we describe a new heterophyid species, Heterophyes yacyretana n. sp., and resolve its life cycle experimentally. We found the prosobranch snail Aylacostoma chloroticum in Candelaria, Province of Misiones, Argentina (a sector of the High Paraná River affected by the Yacyretá Dam), naturally infected with opisthorchioid cercariae. These cercariae lacked pigmented eyespots as well as body pigment and possessed 7 pairs of penetration glands arranged in 2 lateral bands, together with 18 pairs of flame cells and a V-shaped excretory vesicle. We exposed specimens of 21 fish species to emerging cercariae and obtained metacercariae from the muscles of the caudal peduncle of 3 species of siluriform fish, and adults from chicks infected with experimentally obtained metacercariae from the albino variety of the bronce corydoras, Corydoras aeneus. The new species differs from other species in the genus by the number of sclerites on the genital sac, the distribution of the vitelline follicles, and the combination of the size relationship of the suckers and the genital sac with respect to the posterior extent of intestinal ceca. Heterophyes yacyretana is the first species of the genus reported from the Americas.

Assessing the Taxonomic Validity of Austrodiplostomum SPP. (Digenea: Diplostomidae) Through Nuclear and Mitochondrial Data.

Adults of the genus Austrodiplostomum are parasites in cormorants of the New World, whereas metacercariae are parasites from eye globe and brain of freshwater and brackish water fishes. In this study, specimens of Austrodiplostomum mordax from South America (type-species) were analyzed together with other specimens of Austrodiplostomum spp. collected from several locations across Middle America and North America. Partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI), the internal transcribed spacers ( ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S gene), and the D2-D3, domains of the large subunit ( LSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, were generated for both developmental stages and compared with available sequences of Austrodiplostomum spp. Phylogenetic analyses inferred with each molecular marker using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference revealed the existence of 4 lineages representing 2 described species, A. mordax and Austrodiplostomum compactum (syn. Austrodiplostomum ostrowskiae) and 2 undescribed species of Austrodiplostomum recognized in previous studies. The COI haplotype network inferred with 172 sequences detected 28 haplotypes divided into 4 clusters, separating each other by 33 and 40 substitutions and with a genetic divergence ranging from 9 to 12%. The largest group included specimens identified as A. compactum plus those identified as A. ostrowskiae, supporting the synonymy of both species. As a result, we conclude that A. compactum is widely distributed across the Americas, in locations of the United States, Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil. The other 2 undescribed species of the genus Austrodiplostomum were previously recorded in the United States and now are reported in Mexico. These 2 species cannot be described because adult forms have not been found in their definitive hosts. Finally, the species A. mordax has been found only in some lakes from Argentina, and it was validated in this study through molecular analyses.

Redescription of Austrodiplostomum compactum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) from its Type Host and Locality in Venezuela, and of Austrodiplostomum mordax from Argentina.

Austrodiplostomum compactum from Nannopterum brasilianus, and its metacercaria from Geophagus sp. and Oreochromis mossambicus captured (1979) at its type locality, Valencia Lake, Venezuela, by the author, are redescribed. The adult is characterized by its large body size, and an oral sucker smaller than the pharynx. The metacercaria has a similar body size as the adult, and the small genital primordia occupy 4.1-7.3% of body length. Experimental infections in chickens with metacercariae of Diplostomulum mordax from brains of Odonthestes bonariensis, captured (2015) at Dique Paso de las Piedras, near Bahia Blanca City, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, resulted in 10 adults 5 days postexposure. These adults correspond to Austrodiplostomum mordax as described from N. brasilianus at Lacombe Lagoon, Buenos Aires Province, and differ from A. compactum in their smaller body size, and an oral sucker larger than the pharynx. The metacercaria has a similar body size as the adult and differs mainly in that the larger genital primordia occupy 11.6-13.8% of body length. The status of earlier published Austrodiplostomum species in the American continent is discussed in view of available morphological and molecular data. A lectotype of A. mordax is here designated, and Austrodiplostomum ostrowskiae is considered as a new synonym of A. compactum.

New larval trematodes in Biomphalaria species (Planorbidae) from Northeastern Argentina.

Larval trematodes infecting Biomphalaria tenagophila and B. occidentalis were surveyed in a suburban and semipermanent pond of Corrientes province, Northeastern Argentina. A total of 1,409 snails were examined between spring 2011 to winter 2013, and 8 different larval trematodes were studied morphologically. Three of these species-Echinocercaria sp. IV, Ribeiroia sp. and Echinocercaria sp. XIV-have been previously found in Corrientes province. Six other trematodes belonging to Strigeidae (Furcocercaria sp. III), Clinostomidae (Cercaria Clinostomidae sp.), Spirorchiidae (Cercaria Spirorchiidae sp.) and Echinostomatidae (Echinocercaria sp. 1, Echinocercaria sp. 2, Echinocercaria sp. 3) are new species parasitizing Biomphalaria snails. Cercaria Spirorchiidae sp. is the third larval trematode related to Spirorchiidae recorded in South America and the first one for Argentina. Cercaria Clinostomidae sp. is the first one related to Clinostomidae in northeastern Argentina. The prevalence of larval trematodes infecting B. tenagophila and B. occidentalis in the environment studied was low (<5%) with the echinostome group better represented in terms of prevalence and species richness. Drought periods could affect the dynamics of parasitic transmission due to the absence of trematodes in the autumn and winter of the first seasonal cycle. However, in humid periods parasite transmission can occur throughout the year due to the presence of larvae in all seasons of the second seasonal cycle, although the less-warm seasons showed higher prevalence than the summer period probably related to the subtropical climate of Corrientes province.

The life cycle of Neocladocystis intestinalis (Vaz, 1932) (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae), in Aylacostoma chloroticum (Prosobranchia: Thiaridae), and Salminus brasiliensis (Characiformes: Characidae), in Argentina.

The life cycle of Neocladocystis intestinalis (Vaz, 1932) was resolved experimentally. The prosobranchiate snail Aylacostoma chloroticum Hylton Scott (Thiaridae) collected in the Yacyretá Dam, Province of Misiones, Argentina, was found naturally infected with cercariae that possessed pigmented eye spots, 7 pairs of penetration glands, 12 pairs of flame cells, and a V-shaped, or Y-shaped excretory vesicle with very short stem. The cercariae developed in oval cysts, which were found on fin rays, and under scales of naturally and experimentally exposed tetragonopterid fish species and of experimentally exposed poecilid and prochilodont fish species. Adults were obtained experimentally from juvenile Salminus brasiliensis (Characidae), bred in captivity, and infected with metacercariae from albino Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Tetragonopteridae), which had been exposed to emerging cercariae.

Morphological and ITS2 Molecular Characterization of Ribeiroia Cercariae (Digenea: Psilostomidae) from Biomphalaria spp. (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Northern Argentina.

Species of Ribeiroia use planorbid snails as intermediate host. Since there is little information about these digenean parasites in South America, we aimed to assess whether Ribeiroia cercariae from 3 north Argentina locations belonged to the same species and differed from Ribeiroia cercariae described elsewhere. Specimens were obtained from Biomphalaria tenagophila and Biomphalaria orbignyi (Salta Province), and Biomphalaria occidentalis (Corrientes Province). Morphological traits of cercariae were analyzed, as well as their sequence of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). The ITS2 region consisted of 426 nucleotides identical in all samples, suggesting that all specimens belong to the same species in spite of their morphological differences and first intermediate host species. Comparison of the ITS2 region with GenBank database records showed that specimens from Argentina were different from Ribeiroia ondatrae (0.9% divergence), Ribeiroia marini (0.7% divergence), and Cercaria lileta (0.2% divergence). In summary, morphological, ecological, and ITS2 molecular data suggest that specimens from Argentina belong to a different species.

Lactancia materna en puérperas con estimulación acupuntural / Breast feeding in puerperas with acupuntural stimulation

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, de casos y controles, en el Policlínico Docente 30 de Noviembre de Santiago de Cuba, de enero de 2013 a igual mes del 2014, conformado por 20 puérperas pertenecientes al consultorio No. 29, en quienes se aplicó auriculoterapia para estimular la secreción láctea (grupo de estudio), e igual número de madres del consultorio homólogo No. 28, que no recibieron tratamiento (grupo de control), con vistas describir la práctica de la lactancia materna durante los primeros 6 meses de vida. En la serie, 40,0 % de las pacientes con auriculoterapia lactaron de forma exclusiva hasta los 6 meses y 25,0 por ciento hasta los 5 meses, mientras que 40,0 por ciento de las madres que no recibieron el tratamiento lo hicieron hasta los 4 meses y 35,0 por ciento hasta los 3. Los niños del grupo de control presentaron, con mayor frecuencia, anemia (70,0 por ciento), afecciones respiratorias (40,0 por ciento) y enfermedades diarreicas (20,0 por ciento), así como más ingresos hospitalarios (35,0 por ciento). En el grupo de estudio 40,0 por ciento de los lactantes presentó anemia, y se redujeron en 50 por ciento las enfermedades y en 10 por ciento los ingresos hospitalarios(AU)

A descriptive and cross sectional, case - control study was carried out in 30 de Noviembre Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2013 to the same month of 2014, formed by 20 puerperas belonging to doctor´s office No. 29 in whom auriculotherapy was applied to stimulate breast secretion (study group), and the same number of mothers' from the homologous doctor´s office No. 28, who received no treatment (control group), with the aim of describing the practice of breast feeding during the first 6 months of life. In the series, 40.0 percent of the mothers with auriculotherapy nursed in an exclusive way up to 6 months and 25.0% up the 5 months, while 40.0 percent of mothers who had no treatment nursed up to 4 months, and 35.0 percentup to 3 months. The children from the control group had anemia (70.0 percent), breathing disorders (40.0 percent) and diarrheic diseases (20.0 percent) more frequently, as well as more hospital admissions (35.0 percent). In the study group 40.0 percentof the infants had anemia, diseases decreased in 50 percent and hospital admissions decreased in 10 percent(AU)

Lactancia materna en puérperas con estimulación acupuntural / Breast feeding in puerperas with acupuntural stimulation

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, de casos y controles, en el Policlínico Docente "30 de Noviembre" de Santiago de Cuba, de enero de 2013 a igual mes del 2014, conformado por 20 puérperas pertenecientes al consultorio No. 29, en quienes se aplicó auriculoterapia para estimular la secreción láctea (grupo de estudio), e igual número de madres del consultorio homólogo No. 28, que no recibieron tratamiento (grupo de control), con vistas describir la práctica de la lactancia materna durante los primeros 6 meses de vida. En la serie, 40,0 % de las pacientes con auriculoterapia lactaron de forma exclusiva hasta los 6 meses y 25,0 % hasta los 5 meses, mientras que 40,0 % de las madres que no recibieron el tratamiento lo hicieron hasta los 4 meses y 35,0 % hasta los 3. Los niños del grupo de control presentaron, con mayor frecuencia, anemia (70,0 %), afecciones respiratorias (40,0 %) y enfermedades diarreicas (20,0 %), así como más ingresos hospitalarios (35,0 %). En el grupo de estudio 40,0 % de los lactantes presentó anemia, y se redujeron en 50 % las enfermedades y en 10 % los ingresos hospitalarios.

A descriptive and cross sectional, case - control study was carried out in "30 de Noviembre" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2013 to the same month of 2014, formed by 20 puerperas belonging to doctor´s office No. 29 in whom auriculotherapy was applied to stimulate breast secretion (study group), and the same number of mothers' from the homologous doctor´s office No. 28, who received no treatment (control group), with the aim of describing the practice of breast feeding during the first 6 months of life. In the series, 40.0% of the mothers with auriculotherapy nursed in an exclusive way up to 6 months and 25.0% up the 5 months, while 40.0% of mothers who had no treatment nursed up to 4 months, and 35.0% up to 3 months. The children from the control group had anemia (70.0%), breathing disorders (40.0%) and diarrheic diseases (20.0%) more frequently, as well as more hospital admissions (35.0%). In the study group 40.0% of the infants had anemia, diseases decreased in 50% and hospital admissions decreased in 10%.

The life cycle of Pseudosellacotyla lutzi (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae), in Aylacostoma chloroticum (Prosobranchia: Thiaridae), and Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae), in Argentina.

Pseudosellacotyla lutzi ( Freitas, 1941), at present included in the Faustulidae, is redescribed, and its life cycle was resolved experimentally. The prosobranch snail Aylacostoma chloroticum Hylton Scott (Thiaridae), collected in the Yacyretá Dam, Province of Misiones, Argentina, was found naturally infected with cercariae that lacked pigmented eyespots, and possessed 7 pairs of penetration glands, 8 pairs of flame cells, and a V-shaped excretory vesicle. The cercariae developed in oval cysts, which were found on fin rays, vertebrae, and spines of poeciliid and tetragonopterid fish species. Adults were obtained experimentally from Hoplias malabaricus (Erythrinidae) infected with metacercariae from albino Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Tetragonopteridae), which had been exposed to emerging cercariae. Adults were also found in naturally infected H. malabaricus collected in the Yacyretá Dam. The morphology of the cercariae, and the characteristics of the life cycle show that P. lutzi should be included in the Cryptogonimidae.

A new species of Parspina Pearse, 1920 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes) (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) in the Paraná River basin, Argentina, and a key to the genus.

A new species of cryptogonimid belonging to the genus Parspina Pearse, 1920 is described from the intestine of Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes) in the Paraná River basin, Argentina. Parspina pimelodellae n. sp. is characterised by having: (i) a body length/width ratio of 1:3.6-5.3 at the level of the ventral sucker; (ii) 21 oral spines; (iii) an oral sucker larger than the ventral sucker, with a sucker width ratio of 1:0.6-0.7; (iv) a postcaecal region of 16-19% of the body-length; (v) a compact, transversely elongate ovary, anterior to and well separated from the testes; (vi) small, branched vitelline follicles, extending from the level of the ventral sucker to the anterior margin of the ovary; and (vii) a large seminal vesicle situated posterodorsal to the ventral sucker. A key to the species of Parspina is presented.

The life cycle of Australapatemon magnacetabulum (Digenea: Strigeidae) from Northwestern Argentina.

The life cycle of Australapatemon magnacetabulum Dubois, 1988 was resolved experimentally. Planorbid snails Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) collected in a small pond at the confluence of the San Lorenzo and Arias Rivers, near Salta City, Province of Salta, Argentina, were found to be shedding furcocercous cercariae possessing 4 pairs of penetration glands, 1 pair of unpigmented eyespots, 6 pairs of flame cells in the body, and 1 pair in the tail stem. Metacercariae were found encysted in naturally, and experimentally, exposed leeches Helobdella adiastola Ringuelet, 1972, Helobdella triserialis (Blanchard, 1849), Haementeria eichhorniae Ringuelet 1978, and Haementeria sp., and within their sporocysts in naturally infected planorbid intermediate hosts. Sexually mature adults were recovered from domestic chicks and a duck 8-28 days postexposure by metacercariae from leeches. The identification of the species was based upon the characteristic large ventral sucker and a genital cone, crossed by a hermaphroditic duct with internal folds, occupying approximately a 1/4 to 1/5 of the hindbody.

Susceptibility of wild populations of Biomphalaria spp. from neotropical South America to Schistosoma mansoni and interference of Zygocotyle lunata.

Populations of Biomphalaria straminea, Biomphalaria peregrina , Biomphalaria tenagophila, Biomphalaria orbignyi, and Biomphalaria oligoza from different Argentine localities were exposed to miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni EC strain, and Biomphalaria tenagophila, in addition to the SJ2 strain. Biomphalaria straminea and B. tenagophila displayed different susceptibility and compatibility (Frandsen's total cercariae production index class 0-II), whereas B. orbigny and B. oligoza were incompatible. Although B. peregrina and B. tenagophila were found naturally infected with the amphistome Zygocotyle lunata, all 5 species could be experimentally infected with Z. lunata. Exposure to Z. lunata infections with S. mansoni were obtained in natural populations of B. straminea and B. tenagophila with the EC strain (13.5-17.1% and 1.2%), respectively, and in B. tenagophila with the SJ2 strain (2.6%), 60 days postexposure [PE]), and in B. orbignyi and B. oligoza (31.1% and 26.7% 60 days PE, respectively, including single infections with S. mansoni and double infections with Z. lunata). The high susceptibility of B. orbignyi and B. oligoza is noteworthy, as these 2 species are considered resistant to S. mansoni .

Two new species of Parspina Pearse, 1920 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from freshwater fishes (Gymnotiformes) of the Paraná River basin in Argentina.

Two new species of the cryptogonimid genus Parspina Pearse, 1920 are described from gymnotiform fishes of the Paraná River basin, P. carapo n. sp. from the banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus and P. virescens n. sp. from the glass knifefish Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes). Parspina carapo differs from P. virescens in the number of oral spines (32-39 vs 30-33) and their length (28-47 vs 16-28 µm), the distribution of tegumental spines and their anchorage, the types of sensory papillae on the body surface (three vs two types), the extent of body length posterior to the caeca (5 vs 13% of the total body length), the dimensions of the pars prostatica (52 × 34 vs 24 × 10 µm), and in the absence of a gonotyl (vs presence). Both P. carapo and P. virescens differ from P. bagre Pearse, 1920 and P. argentinensis (Szidat, 1954) in the number of oral spines (20-21 and 21-28 in the latter pair) and their length (28-32 and 35-60 µm), and in total body length. Additionally, the two new species differ from P. argentinensis in the arrangement of the vitelline follicles (one continuous band vs two groups on each side of the body) and in having a smaller pars prostatica (149 × 49 µm in the latter). Parspina carapo is the fifth intestinal helminth found in G. carapo, and P. virescens is the first found in E. virescens.

Redescription of Parspina argentinensis (Szidat, 1954) (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from freshwater fishes (Pimelodidae) in the basins of the Paraná and La Plata Rivers, Argentina, with comments on P. bagre Pearse, 1920.

The type-specimens of Parspina argentinensis (Szidat, 1954) from Pimelodus maculatus Lacépède, and new material from Iheringichthys labrosus (Lütken), Parapimelodus valenciennis (Lütken), Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes), Pimelodus albicans (Valenciennes), P. argenteus Perugia and P. maculatus caught in the basins of the La Plata and Paraná Rivers, Argentina, were studied to elucidate its taxonomic status. The type-specimens of Parspina bagre Pearse, 1920 from Pimelodella metae Eigenmann in Lake Valencia, Venezuela, were also studied and new observations on its morphology recorded. The amendation of the generic diagnosis of Parspina Pearse, 1920 is proposed based on the study of both species, which revealed, among other features, the absence of a thin walled-membrane enclosing the male terminal genitalia. Parspina argentinensis is characterised by the following features: absence of a gonotyl; presence of a bipartite seminal vesicle, pars prostatica and ejaculatory duct; caeca of nearly equal length; uterus extending from the level of the ventral sucker to end of body; testes symmetrical to slightly oblique; ovary transversely elongate, compact and variable in shape; and the utilisation of a wide range of freshwater fishes as hosts. The tegumental surface of this species is covered with pectinate spines arranged quincuncially. Spines decrease in size and density from forebody to hindbody. There are two types of sensory papillae, ciliated and dome-shaped. Ciliated papillae are distributed on the surface of the oral region and on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, whereas dome-shaped papillae are found on the surface of the ventral rim of the oral sucker associated with a ciliated papilla. Gland-duct openings are interspersed with the spines of the oral crown. In addition, the infection indices of P. argentinensis vary widely, not only among different hosts but also between the Paraná and La Plata River basins. Higher prevalences of P. argentinensis are recorded in the La Plata River, and Pimelodus albicans, P. maculatus and Iheringichthys labrosus are the principal final hosts in this area.

Influencia del movimiento respiratorio sobre el contraste de las lesiones en estudios de perfusión pulmonar: simulación mediante el uso de un fantoma virtual / Respiratory motion on the contrast of pulmonary lesions in lung perfusion scintigraphy: a simulation study with a virtual phantom

El movimiento respiratorio (MR) constituye un factor de degradación de las imágenes con potencial influencia sobre la capacidad de detección de lesiones tromboembólicas en estudios de perfusión pulmonar. El objetivo fue investigar la influencia del MR sobre el contraste de lesiones pulmonares, por medio de simulación con un fantoma virtual. Mediante un fantoma N-CAT se generó un modelo de perfusión pulmonar con SPECT; el modelo fue reconstruido produciendo cortes tomográficos y reproyección de los mismos en tres situaciones: sin MR, simulando MR con desplazamiento diafragmático de 2 cm, y con desplazamiento de 4 cm. Se instalaron en el modelo 7 "lesiones" hipocaptantes simulando la situación del tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) en situación superior, media y basal y se calculó el contraste de las lesiones en las 3 situaciones descriptas. Los resultados muestran que el contraste de las lesiones es menor con el MR, que se deteriora más cuanto mayor es la magnitud del MR, y que el MR afecta en mayor grado el contraste de las lesiones de ubicación basal. La corrección de MR podría mejorar la detectabilidad de algunos defectos de perfusión, especialmente los de ubicación basal, incrementando la sensibilidad de la técnica para el diagnóstico de TEP.

Respiratory motion (RM) represents a major factor of image degradation with potential impact on the detection of embolic lesions in lung perfusion scintigraphy. The aim was to investigate the influence of RM on the contrast of pulmonary lesions through a simulation study with a virtual phantom. Using a N-CAT phantom, a SPECT lung perfusion model was generated; the model was reconstructed producing three sets of tomographic slices and image reprojection under different conditions: without RM, RM simulation with 2 cm diaphragmatic displacement, and RM simulation with 4 cm diaphragmatic displacement. Seven "cold" lesions were placed in the model resembling a typical pulmonary embolism (PE) situation in superior, medial and basal locations and image contrast was calculated. Results showed a decrease in lesion contrast proportional to the degree of RM, which was more pronounced for basal lesions. Motion correction could improve the detectability of some perfusión defects, especially those in basal locations, thus incrementing the sensitivity of the technique for the diagnosis of PE.

Evaluation of patients with head and neck cancer by means of 99mTc-glucarate.

UNLABELLED: Preliminary findings have suggested that (99m)Tc-glucarate has tumor-seeking properties. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of this tracer to evaluate malignant head and neck tumors by means of SPECT/CT software fusion imaging. METHODS: Eleven male patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma were included in the study: 9 with locally advanced disease and 2 with clinical suspicion of local relapse. Scanning started 3-6 h after the injection of 1,110 MBq of (99m)Tc-glucarate. Planar and SPECT images of the head, neck, and thorax were acquired. Three-dimensional images were also coregistered with CT. RESULTS: We found (99m)Tc-glucarate uptake in all suspected lesions. SPECT/CT fusion imaging was helpful in all cases for topographically localizing the tracer foci. CONCLUSION: (99m)Tc-glucarate can be considered a potential tracer for the evaluation of patients with head and neck tumors.

Attenuation correction for lung SPECT: evidence of need and validation of an attenuation map derived from the emission data.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to investigate the importance of attenuation correction (AC) in reconstructed and reprojected images on lung SPECT studies. METHODS: Simulation studies were undertaken to evaluate the influence of AC on defect-to-normal ratios (D/N), to demonstrate the influence of errors in the correction map values and to detect lung boundaries used for AC. The use of a synthetic map (SM) for AC of the clinical data was also evaluated and the results compared with those obtained with data derived from CT (CTM). Additionally, the role of AC in reprojected SPECT data was assessed and level of noise on the 'planar-like' images was measured. RESULTS: Phantom studies showed that AC markedly affects the D/N ratio. However, variations in micro values typical of those found in clinical studies resulted in relatively small changes in results. Eroded and dilated conditions did not cause any significant effect on D/N. The level of noise in the reprojected images is reduced in comparison with real planar data. Clinical SPECT/CT data reconstructed with AC using CTM and SM showed an excellent correlation between the two methods. CONCLUSION: AC improves D/N in lung SPECT studies, thus potentially enhancing the diagnostic capability of the method. The use of a synthetic map for AC is feasible, avoiding the need for an additional procedure and the increased radiation dose involved. Planar-like images generated from reprojected SPECT data are well matched to normal planar images provided AC is performed and attenuation included in the reprojection.