Changes in eating habits, sleep, and physical activity during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A longitudinal study in young Brazilian adult males.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has promoted changes in lifestyle behaviors, such as food consumption, sleep, and physical activity (PA). Few longitudinal studies have investigated these changes in young adults. Aim: This study aimed to assess lifestyle behaviors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adult males. Methods: 50 young adult males (18-35 years) recruited by posters and social media in Florianopolis, Brazil, provided data on food consumption, PA, and sleep in 2018-2019 (baseline) and during the pandemic in 2020 (follow-up). PA and sleep variables were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. Food records were used to evaluate food consumption. Weight was measured using Bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and using self-reported at follow-up. Multilevel linear regression models and generalized linear multilevel were used to test differences between baseline and follow-up. Results: The findings indicated significant changes at follow-up, compared to baseline. Decreased consumption of total fat (ß = -13.32, 95% CI (-22.45; -4.18), p < 0.01), sodium (ß = -1330.72, 95% CI (-1790.63; -870.82), p < 0.01), cholesterol (ß = -212.99, 95% CI (-269.8; -156.18), p < 0.01), total sugars (ß = -65.12, 95% CI (-80.94; -49.29), p < 0.01), alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverage were observed. Despite that, a slight increase in weight was also observed (80.70 ± 16.37 kg vs. 82.99 ± 15.42 kg, p = 0.000748). Sleep duration increased (ß = 0.7596, 95% CI (0.41; 1.11), p < 0.01), and occupational PA decreased (ß = -1168.1, 95% CI (-1422.33; -913.83), p < 0.01), while domestic (ß = 394.04, 95%CI (114.68; 673.39, p < 0.01)) and leisure PA (ß = 499.91, 95% CI (245.28; 754.53), p < 0.01) increased. Conclusion: Our results suggest that social distancing policies positively impacted eating habits, sleep, and PA patterns. These changes are possibly linked to increased awareness of the need for a healthy lifestyle.

Impact of combined long-term fructose and prednisolone intake on glucose and lipid homeostasis in rats: benefits of intake interruption or fish oil administration.

We investigated whether combined long-term fructose and prednisolone intake would be more detrimental to the glucose homeostasis than if ingested separately. We also evaluated whether fish oil administration or interruption of treatments has any positive impact. For this, male adult Wistar rats ingested fructose (20%) (F) or prednisolone (12.5 µg/mL) (P) or both (FP) through drinking water for 12 weeks. A separate group of fructose and prednisolone-treated rats received fish oil treatment (1 g/kg) in the last 6 weeks. In another group, the treatment with fructose and prednisolone was interrupted after 12 weeks, and the animals were followed for more 12 weeks. Control groups ran in parallel (C). The F group had higher plasma TG (+42%) and visceral adiposity (+63%), whereas the P group had lower insulin sensitivity (-33%) and higher insulinemia (+200%). Only the the FP group developed these alterations combined with higher circulating uric acid (+126%), hepatic triacylglycerol content (+16.2-fold), lipid peroxidation (+173%) and lower catalase activity (-32%) that were associated with lower protein kinase B content and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the liver, lower AMPK phosphorylation in the adipose tissue and higher beta-cell mass. Fish oil ingestion attenuated the elevation in circulating triacylglycerol and uric acid values, while the interruption of sugar and glucocorticoid intake reverted almost all modified parameters. In conclusion, long-term intake of fructose and prednisolone by male rats are more detrimental to glucose and lipid homeostasis than if ingested separately and the benefits of treatment interruption are broader than fish oil treatment.

Relative fat mass is a better tool to diagnose high adiposity when compared to body mass index in young male adults: A cross-section study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Relative fat mass (RFM) is a new method to estimate whole-body fat percentage in adults using an anthropometric linear equation. We aimed to assess the association between RFM and body fat (BF), evaluated by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bioelectrical impedance (BIA), in young male adults. METHODS: Eighty-one young males were assessed for BF fat and free fat mass (by BIA and DXA), waist circumference. BMI and RFM were then calculated from data collected from the subjects. The agreement between BMI and RFM or BIA/DXA was assessed by Pearson's Correlation and Kappa index. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were applied. RESULTS: Analyzing all the participants together, the correlation between RFM and DXA (rDXA = 0.90) or RFM and BIA (rBIA = 0.88) were slightly higher than the correlation between BMI and DXA (rDXA = 0.79) or BMI and BIA (rBIA: 0.82). When analyzed by BF, low BF (LBF) individuals showed a much higher correlation with RFM (rDXA = 0.58; rBIA = 0.73) than BMI (rDXA = 0.24; rBIA: 0.46). However, subjects with excess BF (EBF) presented similar correlations when comparing RFM (rDXA = 0.80; rBIA = 0.64) and BMI (rDXA = 0.78; rBIA = 0.64). In general, RFM presented a higher strength of agreement with DXA and BIA (kDXA = 0.75; kBIA = 0.67) than BMI (kDXA = 0.63; kBIA = 0.60). Multivariable linear regression also revealed high associations between RFM and DXA or RFM and BIA (r2DXA = 0.85; r2BIA = 0.81). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that RFM shows a good correlation and association with BF measured by DXA and BIA in young male adults. Furthermore, RFM seems to be better correlated to BF in LBF individuals when compared to BMI. Therefore, further studies investigating RFM as a tool to assess BF and obesity are motivated.

Fructose Intake Impairs Cortical Antioxidant Defenses Allied to Hyperlocomotion in Middle-Aged C57BL/6 Female Mice.

Recent evidence suggests that young rodents submitted to high fructose (FRU) diet develop metabolic, and cognitive dysfunctions. However, it remains unclear whether these detrimental effects of FRU intake can also be observed in middle-aged mice. Nine months-old C57BL/6 female mice were fed with water (Control) or 10% FRU in drinking water during 12 weeks. After that, metabolic, and neurochemical alterations were evaluated, focusing on neurotransmitters, and antioxidant defenses. Behavioral parameters related to motor activity, memory, anxiety, and depression were also evaluated. Mice consuming FRU diet displayed increased water, and caloric intake, resulting in weight gain, which was partially compensated due to decreased food pellet intake. FRU fed animals displayed increased plasma glucose, and cholesterol levels, which was not observed in overnight-fasted animals. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were markedly decreased in the prefrontal cortex of animals receiving FRU diet, while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) slightly increased. Liver (lower GPx), striatum (higher SOD and lower CAT), and hippocampus (no changes) were less impacted. No changes were observed in glutathione reductase, and thioredoxin reductase activities, two ancillary enzymes for peroxide detoxification. FRU intake did not alter serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum. No significant alterations were observed in working, and short-term spatial memory; and in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in animals treated with FRU. Increased locomotor activity was observed in FRU-fed middle-aged mice, as evaluated in the open field, elevated plus-maze, Y maze, and object location tasks. Overall, these results demonstrate that high FRU consumption can disturb antioxidant defenses, and increase locomotor activity in middle-aged mice, open the opportunity for further studies to address the underlying mechanisms related to these findings.

Fish oil decreases the severity of treatment-related adverse events in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Due to its high peroxidizable characteristics, n-3 fatty acids, present in fish oil, could increase tumor cells sensitivity to conventional cancer treatment while non-neoplastic cells remain unaffected, this may lead to an increase in cancer treatment response with no increase on adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-cancer treatment response, performance status and adverse events in gastrointestinal cancer patients supplemented with fish oil. Oxidative stress parameters were investigated in blood non-neoplastic cells as an indicator of cytotoxicity. METHODS: This is a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Fish oil group (FOG) received two capsules of fish oil containing 1.55 g of EPA + DHA a day for nine weeks, placebo group (PG) received two capsules containing olive oil. Baseline was set right before the administration of the first chemotherapy, oxidative stress parameters, adverse events presence and grading and performance status were assessed at baseline and after nine weeks of supplementation. Tumor markers, response to treatment and survival were evaluated at baseline and after one year of study inclusion. RESULTS: 76 patients were considered eligible, 56 were randomized, and 51 remained for analysis. After nine weeks, although there were no differences between groups for treatment response and presence of adverse events, PG patients were graded with more severe diarrhea than FOG patients (p = 0.03) and with higher (worse) performance status score (p = 0.02). No differences in lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes were observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Fish oil may lead to a better performance status for gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy while does not seem to increase treatment-related toxicity. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT02699047, www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Aerobic fitness and physical activity are inversely associated with body fat, dyslipidemia and inflammatory mediators in children and adolescents living with HIV.

This study aimed to investigate if moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and aerobic fitness are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in HIV+ children and adolescents. Sixty-five children and adolescents (8 to 15 years) provided minutes of MVPA measured by accelerometers and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) by breath-by-breath respiratory exchange. Cardiovascular risk factors were characterized by body fat, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and carotid intima-media thickness. Results indicated that higher MVPA was associated with lower values of total (ß =  -3.566) and trunk body fat (ß = -3.495), total cholesterol (ß = -0.112) and LDL-c (ß = -0.830). Likewise, higher peak VO2 was associated with lower total (ß = -0.629) and trunk body fat values (ß = -0.592) and levels of CRP (ß = -0.059). The physically active participants had lower total cholesterol (-24.4 mg.dL-1) and LDL-c (-20.1 mg.dL-1) compared to participants judged to be insufficiently active. Moreover, participants with satisfactory peak VO2 showed lower total (-4.1%) and trunk (-4.3%) body fat, CRP (-2.3 mg.L-1), IL-6 (-2.4 pg.mL-1) and TNF-α (-1.0 pg.mL-1) compared to low peak VO2 peers. High levels of MVPA and aerobic fitness may prevent developing of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents HIV+.

Effect of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on the expression of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox and on circulating inflammatory cytokines in healthy men: a pilot study.

Increased superoxide production by phagocytic NADPH oxidase has been associated with inflammatory conditions. Growing evidences suggest that dietary polyphenols may modulate the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits. Herein, we examined whether soluble mate tea (SMT) consumption - a polyphenol-rich beverage - affects the expression of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase protein p47phox and/or circulating biomarkers of inflammation and antioxidant biomarkers in humans. In a two-phase study, nine men were requested to drink water (control) for 8 d and then follow a second 8-d period drinking SMT. Blood samples were analysed for p47phox protein in CD16+/CD14- cells, interleukin (IL)-1ß (IL-1ß), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, total phenols, and reduced and oxidised glutathione (GSH and GSSG, respectively) after each study phase. After SMT intake, CD16+/CD14- cells' p47phox protein and serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly attenuated (P < .05) while plasma phenolic compounds and blood GSH:GSSG ratio were significantly enhanced (P < .05). Consumption of SMT favourably affected leukocytes' p47phox expression and inflammatory cytokine and antioxidants levels in peripheral blood, which may help decrease oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation.

Decrement in resting and insulin-stimulated soleus muscle mitochondrial respiration is an early event in diet-induced obesity in mice.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What are the temporal responses of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial responsivity to insulin in soleus muscle fibres from mice during the development of obesity and insulin resistance? What is the main finding and its importance? Short- and long-term feeding with a high-fat diet markedly reduced soleus mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial responsivity to insulin before any change in glycogen synthesis. Muscle glycogen synthesis and whole-body insulin resistance were present after 14 and 28 days, respectively. Our findings highlight the plasticity of mitochondria during the development of obesity and insulin resistance. ABSTRACT: Recently, significant attention has been given to the role of muscle mitochondrial function in the development of insulin resistance associated with obesity. Our aim was to investigate temporal alterations in mitochondrial respiration, H2 O2 emission and mitochondrial responsivity to insulin in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibres during the development of obesity in mice. Male Swiss mice (5-6 weeks old) were fed with a high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) or standard diet for 7, 14 or 28 days to induce obesity and insulin resistance. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice presented with reduced glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinaemia after 7 days of high-fat diet. After 14 days, the expected increase in muscle glycogen content after systemic injection of glucose and insulin was not observed in DIO mice. At 28 days, blood glucose decay after insulin injection was significantly impaired. Complex I (pyruvate + malate) and II (succinate)-linked respiration and oxidative phosphorylation (ADP) were decreased after 7 days of high-fat diet and remained low in DIO mice after 14 and 28 days of treatment. Moreover, mitochondria from DIO mice were incapable of increasing respiratory coupling and ADP responsivity after insulin stimulation in all observed periods. Markers of mitochondrial content were reduced only after 28 days of treatment. The mitochondrial H2 O2 emission profile varied during the time course of DIO, with a reduction of H2 O2 emission in the early stages of DIO and an increased emission after 28 days of treatment. Our data demonstrate that DIO promotes transitory alterations in mitochondrial physiology during the early and late stages of insulin resistance related to obesity.

Implications of Palmitoleic Acid (Palmitoleate) On Glucose Homeostasis, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes.

Obesity is a metabolic, multifactorial disease that is underpinned by factors such as genetics, epigenetics, as well as high-energy food intake and sedentarism. Obesity is often associated with, and exacerbated by, other metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A hallmark of T2DM is failure of insulin secretion from pancreatic ß-cell to regulate blood glucose disposal into peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle, termed insulin resistance, as well as deregulation of pancreatic α-cell function. It has been proposed that insulin resistance is, in part, a consequence of impaired signal transduction of insulin caused by several molecules released from adipose tissue that include (adipo)cytokines and fatty acids. However, not all fatty acids exert a negative impact on insulin sensitivity. In fact, it has been suggested that palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) has hormone-like properties and improves some metabolic parameters that are impaired in obesity and T2DM. Moreover, in vitro approaches reveal that cis-16:1n-7 can influence pancreatic ß-cell survival, insulin secretion, and skeletal muscle insulin response and adipocyte metabolism. In vivo experiments using animal models show that the ingestion of cis-16:1n-7 or sources of it (e.g., macadamia oil) can partially prevent the metabolic alterations caused by high-fat/carbohydrate diets. In general, studies in humans found positive associations between higher trans-16:1n-7 proportion in plasma phospholipids and improved insulin sensitivity or decreased the onset of T2DM. However, plasma cis-16:1n-7 data are still controversial. In this brief review, we discuss the main studies on 16:1n-7 effects on obesity and T2DM and their potential for clinical application.

INTERVAL TRAINING IS INSUFFICIENT TO ATTENUATE METABOLIC DISTURBANCES IN DIABETIC RATS / TREINAMENTO INTERVALADO É INSUFICIENTE PARA ATENUAR DISTÚRBIOS METABÓLICOS EM RATOS DIABÉTICOS / ENTRENAMIENTO A INTERVALOS ES INSUFICIENTE PARA ATENUAR TRASTORNOS METABÓLICOS EN RATAS DIABÉTICAS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is a metabolic disease associated to blood disturbances and disorder of the innate immune system functionality. Objective: This study investigated the effect of two weeks interval training on blood biochemistry and immunological parameters in rats with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sedentary (SE, n = 10), diabetic sedentary (DI, n = 10), diabetic interval training (DIT, n = 10). IV injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) induced diabetes. Interval training consisted of swimming exercise for 30 seconds with 30 seconds of rest for 30 minutes three times a week during two weeks, with an overload of 15% of the total body mass. The evaluations performed were fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol concentrations, phagocytic capacity, cationic vesicles content, superoxide anion, and production of hydrogen peroxide of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages. Results: The results showed that two weeks interval training did not attenuate the hyperglycemic state at rest and did not decrease blood lipids in the DIT group. Diabetes increased the functionality of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in the DI group. Interval training increased the content of cationic vesicles and the phagocytic capacity of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in the DIT group. Conclusion: It was found that two weeks of interval training increased the functionality parameters of innate immune cells, although this has been insufficient to attenuate the biochemical disorders caused by diabetes.

RESUMO Introdução: O diabetes tipo 1 é uma doença metabólica associada a alterações sanguíneas e distúrbios da funcionalidade do sistema imunológico inato. Objetivo: Este estudo investigou os efeitos de duas semanas de treinamento intervalado sobre a bioquímica sanguínea e os parâmetros imunológicos em ratos com diabetes tipo 1. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em três grupos: sedentário (SE, n = 10), sedentário diabético (SD, n = 10), treinado diabético (TD, n = 10). O diabetes foi induzido por uma injeção IV de estreptozotocina (45 mg/kg). O treinamento intervalado de natação consistiu em 30 segundos de exercício, com 30 segundos de recuperação, por 30 min., três vezes por semana, durante duas semanas, com sobrecarga de 15% da massa corporal total. Foram avaliados: glicemia de jejum, triglicerídeos, frações de lipoproteínas de muito baixa densidade, baixa densidade e alta densidade do colesterol, concentrações do colesterol total, capacidade fagocítica, conteúdo de vesículas catiônicas, produção de ânion superóxido e produção de peróxido de hidrogênio pelos neutrófilos sanguíneos e macrófagos peritoneais. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que duas semanas de treinamento intervalado não atenuaram o estado hiperglicêmico em repouso e não diminuíram os lipídeos sanguíneos do grupo TD. O diabetes aumentou a funcionalidade dos neutrófilos sanguíneos e dos macrófagos peritoneais no grupo SD. O treinamento intervalado aumentou o conteúdo das vesículas catiônicas e a capacidade fagocítica dos neutrófilos sanguíneos e macrófagos peritoneais no grupo TD. Conclusão: Em duas semanas de treinamento intervalado verificou-se aumento dos parâmetros de funcionalidade das células do sistema imunológico inato, que foi, porém, insuficiente para atenuar os distúrbios bioquímicos causados pelo diabetes.

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes Tipo 1 es un trastorno metabólico asociado con alteraciones de la sangre y trastornos de la funcionalidad del sistema inmunológico innato. Objetivo: Este estudio investigó los efectos de dos semanas de entrenamiento a intervalos sobre la bioquímica de la sangre y los parámetros inmunológicos en ratas con diabetes tipo 1. Métodos: Ratas Wistar machos fueron divididos en tres grupos: sedentario (SE, n=10), sedentario diabético (SD, n = 10), entrenado diabético (ED, n = 10). La diabetes se indujo por medio de inyección IV de estreptozotocina (45 mg/kg). El entrenamiento a intervalos consistió en ejercicios de natación de 30 seg. con 30 seg. de recuperación por 30 minutos, tres veces por semana durante dos semanas, con una sobrecarga del 15% de la masa corporal total. Se evaluaron: glucemia en ayunas, triglicéridos, las fracciones de lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad, de lipoproteínas de baja densidad, de lipoproteínas de alta densidad del colesterol, las concentraciones de colesterol total, la capacidad fagocítica, contenido catiónico vesicular, producción de anión superóxido, producción de peróxido de hidrógeno por neutrófilos sanguíneos, y macrófagos peritoneales. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que dos semanas de entrenamiento a intervalos no atenuó el estado hiperglucémico en reposo ni disminuyó los lípidos sanguíneos en el grupo ED. La diabetes aumentó la funcionalidad de los neutrófilos sanguíneos y de los macrófagos peritoneales en el grupo SD. El entrenamiento a intervalos aumentó el contenido de las vesículas catiónicas y la capacidad fagocítica de los neutrófilos de la sangre y los macrófagos peritoneales en el grupo ED. Conclusión: En dos semanas de entrenamiento a intervalos se verificó el aumento de los parámetros de funcionalidad de las células del sistema inmunológico innato, que sin embargo fue insuficiente para atenuar los trastornos bioquímicos causados por la diabetes.

Fish oil supplementation attenuates changes in plasma lipids caused by dexamethasone treatment in rats.

Dexamethasone is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid that may alter glucose and lipid homeostasis when administered in high doses or for long periods of time. Omega-3 fatty acids, present in fish oil (FO), can be used as potential modulators of intermediary glucose and lipid metabolism. Herein, we evaluate the effects of FO supplementation (1 g·kg(-1) body weight (BW)) on glucose and lipid metabolism in rats treated with dexamethasone (0.5 mg·kg(-1) BW) for 15 days. Adult male Wistar rats were distributed among 4 groups: control (saline, 1 mL·kg(-1) BW and mineral oil, 1 g·kg(-1) BW), DEX (dexamethasone and mineral oil), FO (fish oil and saline), and DFO (fish oil and dexamethasone). Dexamethasone and saline were administered intraperitoneally, and fish oil and mineral oil were administered by gavage. We evaluated functional and molecular parameters of lipid and glycemic profiles at 8 days and at the end of treatment. FO supplementation increased hepatic docosahexaenoic acid (DEX: 5.6% ± 0.7%; DFO: 10.5% ± 0.8%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (DEX: 0.3% ± 0.0%; DFO: 1.3% ± 0.1%) contents and attenuated the increase of plasma triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in DFO rats compared with DEX rats. These effects seem not to depend on hepatic expression of insulin receptor substrate 1, protein kinase B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. There was no effect of supplementation on body weight loss, fasting glycemia, and glucose tolerance in rats treated with dexamethasone. In conclusion, we show that FO supplementation for 15 days attenuates the dyslipidemia induced by dexamethasone treatment.

Effects of mate tea consumption on muscle strength and oxidative stress markers after eccentric exercise.

Dietary phytochemical supplementation may improve muscle recovery from exercise. In this study, we investigated the effect of mate tea (MT) consumption - a phenol-rich beverage - on muscle strength and oxidative stress biomarkers after eccentric exercise. In a randomised, cross-over design, twelve men were assigned to drink either MT or water (control; CON) for 11 d. On the 8th day, subjects performed three sets of twenty maximal eccentric elbow flexion exercises. Maximal isometric elbow flexion force was measured before and at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after exercise. Blood samples were obtained before and at 24, 48 and 72 h after exercise and analysed for total phenolics, GSH, GSSG, GSH:GSSG ratio and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). After eccentric exercise, muscle strength was significantly reduced over time, regardless of treatments. However, MT improved the rate of strength recovery by 8·6 % on the 1st day after exercise (P<0·05). Plasma concentration of total phenolic compounds was higher in MT than in CON at all time points (P<0·05) but decreased significantly at 72 h after exercise in both trials (P<0·05). Blood levels of GSH were significantly decreased at 48 and 72 h after exercise in CON (P<0·05) but did not change over time in MT. No significant changes were observed for GSSG, GSH:GSSG ratio and LOOH levels. MT intake did not influence muscle strength at all time points assessed but hastened the strength recovery over 24 h after exercise. MT also favoured the concentration of blood antioxidant compounds.

Fish oil supplementation during chemotherapy increases posterior time to tumor progression in colorectal cancer.

The authors evaluated clinical outcomes during and after chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients supplemented with fish oil during the first 9 wk of treatment. Thirty individuals never submitted to chemotherapy were randomized into supplemented group (SG), which received 2 g/day of fish oil (0.6 g/day of EPA and DHA) for 9 wk or control group (CG), which received neither fish oil nor placebo. Outcomes assessed were number of chemotherapy cycles administered; days undergoing chemotherapy; number of delays and interruptions in the administration of chemotherapy; number of hospitalizations during chemotherapy; tumor progression; values of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA); days until events (death and progression); and 3 yr survival. Time to tumor progression was significantly longer in SG [S593 days (±211.5)] vs. CG [330 days (± 135.1); P = 0.04], other outcomes did not differ between groups. Subjects with advanced cancer who received fish oil presented longer time to tumor progression and lower CEA values after chemotherapy; however these differences were not statistically significant. Supplementation with 2 g/day of fish oil for the first 9 wk of chemotherapy may contribute to delay in tumor progression in colorectal patients, possibly by enhancing the antineoplastic action of the chemotherapeutic drug.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids effects on inflammatory markers in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancer and inflammation are closely related and an exacerbated inflammatory process can lead to tumor progression and a worse prognosis for the patient with cancer. Scientific literature has shown evidence that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have anti-inflammatory action, and for this reason could be useful as an adjuvant in the treatment of some cancers. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was conducted until September, 2014, to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFA on inflammatory mediators in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical trials were systematically searched in three electronic databases and screening reference lists. Random meta-analysis model was used to calculate the overall and stratified effect sizes. RESULTS: Nine trials, representing 475 patients with CRC, evaluated effects of n-3 PUFA on cytokines (n = 6) and/or acute phase proteins (n = 5) levels. n-3 PUFA reduce the levels of IL-6 (SMD -2.34; 95% CI -4.37, -0.31; p = 0.024) and increase albumin (SMD 0.31; 95% CI 0.06, 0.56; p = 0.014) in overall analyses. In stratified analyses, reduction in IL-6 levels occurs in surgical patients that received 0.2 g/kg of fish oil parenterally at postoperative period (SMD -0.65; 95% CI -1.06, -0.24; p = 0.002), while, increase in albumin concentration occurs in surgical patients that received ≥ 2.5 g/d of EPA + DHA orally at preoperative period (SMD 0.34; 95% CI 0.02, 0.66; p = 0.038). In patients undergoing chemotherapy, the supplementation of 0.6 g/d of EPA + DHA during 9 week reduces CRP levels (SMD -0.95; 95% CI -1.73, -0.17; p = 0.017), and CRP/albumin ratio (SMD -0.95; 95% CI -1.73, -0.18; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest benefits on some inflammatory mediators with the use of n-3 PUFA on CRC patients, but these benefits are specific to certain supplementation protocols involving duration, dose and route of administration, and also, the concomitant anti-cancer treatment adopted.

Impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on lipid and inflammatory profiles.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the behavior of acute phase proteins and lipid profile in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study, consisting of three moments: M1 - preoperative (24 hours before surgery); M2 - 30 days after surgery; and M3 - 180 days after surgery. We carried measured height and BMI, as well as determined the concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin and Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein) and total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and triacylglycerol. RESULTS: participants comprised 25 individuals, with a mean age of 39.28 ± 8.07, 72% female. At all times of the study there was statistically significant difference as for weight loss and BMI. We found a significant decrease in CRP concentrations between the moments M1 and M3 (p = 0.041) and between M2 and M3 (p = 0.018). There was decrease in Alpha-1-GA concentrations between M1 and M2 (p = 0.023) and between M1 and M3 (p = 0.028). The albumin values increased, but did not differ between times. Total cholesterol and triacylglycerol decreased significantly ay all times. LDL-c concentrations decreased and differed between M1 and M2 (p = 0.001) and between M1 and M3 (p = 0.001). HDL-c values increased, however only differing between M1 and M2 (p = 0.050). CONCLUSION: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass promoted a decrease in plasma concentrations of CRP and Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, improving lipid and inflammatory profiles.

Impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on lipid and inflammatory profiles / Impacto da derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux no perfil inflamatório e lipídico

Objective: To evaluate the behavior of acute phase proteins and lipid profile in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods : We conducted a prospective study, consisting of three moments: M1 - preoperative (24 hours before surgery); M2 - 30 days after surgery; and M3 - 180 days after surgery. We carried measured height and BMI, as well as determined the concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin and Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein) and total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and triacylglycerol. Results : participants comprised 25 individuals, with a mean age of 39.28 ± 8.07, 72% female. At all times of the study there was statistically significant difference as for weight loss and BMI. We found a significant decrease in CRP concentrations between the moments M1 and M3 (p = 0.041) and between M2 and M3 (p = 0.018). There was decrease in Alpha-1-GA concentrations between M1 and M2 (p = 0.023) and between M1 and M3 (p = 0.028). The albumin values increased, but did not differ between times. Total cholesterol and triacylglycerol decreased significantly ay all times. LDL-c concentrations decreased and differed between M1 and M2 (p = 0.001) and between M1 and M3 (p = 0.001). HDL-c values increased, however only differing between M1 and M2 (p = 0.050). Conclusion : Roux-en-Y gastric bypass promoted a decrease in plasma concentrations of CRP and Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, improving lipid and inflammatory profiles.

Objetivo: avaliar o comportamento das proteínas de fase aguda e o perfil lipídico em pacientes submetidos à derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux. Métodos: estudo prospectivo, constituído por três momentos: M1 - pré-cirúrgico (24 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico); M2 - 30 dias pós-cirúrgico; e M3 - 180 dias pós-cirúrgico. Foram realizadas aferição antropométrica de peso, altura e IMC, como também determinação das concentrações das proteínas de fase aguda (proteína c reativa (PCR), albumina e alfa-1-glicoproteína-ácida) e de colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c e triacilglicerol. Resultados: participaram desse estudo 25 indivíduos, com média de idade de 39,28±8,07, sendo 72% do sexo feminino. Em todos os momentos do estudo observou-se diferença estatística significativa quanto à redução de peso e IMC. Verificou-se diminuição com diferença nas concentrações da PCR entre os momentos M1 e M3 (p=0,041); M2 e M3 (p=0,018). As concentrações da a1-GA reduziram e foram diferentes entre os momentos M1 e M2 (p=0,023); M1 e M3 (p=0,028). Os valores de albumina aumentaram, mas não diferiram entre os momentos. O colesterol total e o triacilglicerol diminuíram com diferença entre todos os momentos. As concentrações de LDL-c diminuíram e diferiram entre os momentos M1 e M2 (p=0,001); M1 e M3 (p=0,001). Os valores de HDL-c aumentaram, entretanto apenas diferiram entre os momentos M1 e M2 (p=0,050). Conclusão: a derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux promoveu diminuição nas concentrações plasmáticas da PCR e alfa-1-glicoproteína ácida, melhorando o perfil inflamatório e lipídico.

Selective loads periodization attenuates biochemical disturbances and enhances performance in female futsal players during competitive season / Periodização com cargas seletivas atenua distúrbios bioquímicos e melhora o desempenho físico de jogadoras de futsal feminino durante temporada competitiva / Periodización con cargas selectivas atenúa desórdenes bioquímicos y mejora el desempeño físico en jugadoras de futsal femenino durante etapa competitiva

This study evaluated the effect of selective loads periodization on physical performance and biochemical parameters in professional female futsal players during competitive season. Twelve elite female futsal players from Kindermann team (Brazil) participated in the study. Variables of physical performance and erythrogram, leukogram, plasma cortisol, plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the beginning of the preparatory period (PP), in the competitive period (CP) and in the final competitive period (FCP) were evaluated. Using selective loads periodization, all variables of physical performance increased (p < .01) during CP and were maintained during FCP (p < .05). White blood cells did not modify during CP and the increase of FCP in 28% remained within normal ranges. Plasma cortisol also increased during CP (p < .01) and was within the normal ranges during FCP. Plasma IgA also was within the normal ranges during CP and FCP. Selective loads periodization is adequate and attends the requirements of the sport during competitive season in female futsal players.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito da periodização com cargas seletivas sobre o desempenho físico e parâmetros bioquímicos em jogadoras profissionais de futsal feminino durante temporada competitiva. Participaram do estudo 12 atletas da equipe do Kinderman. Foram avaliados variáveis de desempenho físico, eritrograma, leucograma, cortisol plasmático, imunoglobulina A plasmática (IgA) no início do período preparatório (PP), durante o período competitivo (PC) e no período competitivo final (PCF). No PC todas as variáveis de desempenho físico aumentaram (p < 0,01) e foram mantidas no PCF (p < 0,05) com a periodização do treinamento. Os glóbulos brancos não se modificaram no PC e o aumento de 23% no PCF permaneceu dentro dos valores normais. O cortisol plasmático aumentou no PC (p < 0,01), mantendo-se dentro dos valores normais no PCF. Imunoglobulina A (IgA) também ficou dentro dos valores normais durante PC e PCF. A periodização com cargas seletivas é adequada e atende as exigências da modalidade durante a temporada competitiva em jogadoras de futsal feminino.

Este studio evaluó el efecto de la periodización con cargas selecivas sobre el desempeño físico y parámetros bioquímicos en jugadoras profisionales de futsal femenino durante etapa competitiva. Participarón de este estudio 12 jugadores de futsal de la equipo de la Kinderman (Brazil). Se evaluaron variables de desempeño físico, eritrograma, leucograma, cortisol plásmatico e inmunoglobulina A (IgA) previo al inicio del period preparatorio (PP), durante period competitivo (PC) y period competitivo final (PCF). En el PC todas las variables del desempeño físico aumentaron (p < 0,01) y se mantuvieron en el PCF con la periodización del entrenamiento. Los glóbulos blancos no se modificaron en el PC y el aumento de 23% en el PCF estaban dentro de los rangos normales. Cortisol plasmático aumentó en el PC (p < 0,01) y se mantuvo dentro de los rangos normales en el PCF. Inmunoglobulina A (IgA) también se mantuvo en los rangos normales en el PC y PCF. La periodización con cargas selectivas es adecuada y atende las exigências del deporte durante toda la etapa competitiva de las jugadoras de futsal femenino.

Individuals with hematological malignancies before undergoing chemotherapy present oxidative stress parameters and acute phase proteins correlated with nutritional status.

Hematological malignancies present abnormal blood cells that may have altered functions. This study aimed to evaluate nutritional status, acute phase proteins, parameters of cell's functionality, and oxidative stress of patients with hematological malignancies, providing a representation of these variables at diagnosis, comparisons between leukemias and lymphomas and establishing correlations. Nutritional status, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, phagocytic capacity and superoxide anion production of mononuclear cells, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity in plasma were evaluated in 16 untreated subjects. Main diagnosis was acute leukemia (n = 9) and median body mass index (BMI) indicated overweight (25.6 kg/m(2)). Median albumin was below (3.2 g/dL) and CRP above (37.45 mg/L) the reference values. Albumin was inversely correlated with BMI (r = -0.53). Most patients were overweight before the beginning of treatment and had a high CRP/albumin ratio, which may indicate a nutrition inflammatory risk. BMI values correlated positively with lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. A strong correlation between catalase activity and lipid peroxidation was found (r = 0.75). Besides the elevated BMI, these patients also have elevated CRP values and unexpected relations between nutritional status and albumin, reinforcing the need for nutritional counseling during the course of chemotherapy, especially considering the correlations between oxidative stress parameters and nutritional status evidenced here.

Interval training attenuates the metabolic disturbances in type 1 diabetes rat model.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of interval training on blood biochemistry and immune parameters in type 1 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary (SE, n = 15), interval training (IT, n = 17), diabetic sedentary (DSE, n = 17), diabetic interval training (DIT, n = 17). Diabetes was induced by i.v. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Swimming Interval Training consisted of 30-s exercise with 30-s rest, for 30 minutes, during 6 weeks, four times a week, with an overload of 15% of body mass. Plasma glucose, lactate, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol concentrations, phagocytic capacity, cationic vesicle content, and superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages were evaluated. Proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes was also estimated. RESULTS: Interval training resulted in attenuation of the resting hyperglycemic state and decreased blood lipids in the DIT group. Diabetes increased the functionality of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in the DSE group. Interval training increased all functionality parameters of peritoneal macrophages in the IT group. Interval training also led to a twofold increase in the proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes after 6 weeks of exercise in the DIT group. CONCLUSION: Low-volume high-intensity physical exercise attenuates hyperglycemia and dislipidemia induced by type 1 diabetes, and induces changes in the functionality of innate and acquired immunity.

Interval training attenuates the metabolic disturbances in type 1 diabetes rat model / Treinamento intervalado atenua os distúrbios metabólicos em modelo de ratos diabéticos do tipo 1

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of interval training on blood biochemistry and immune parameters in type 1 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary (SE, n = 15), interval training (IT, n = 17), diabetic sedentary (DSE, n = 17), diabetic interval training (DIT, n = 17). Diabetes was induced by i.v. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Swimming Interval Training consisted of 30-s exercise with 30-s rest, for 30 minutes, during 6 weeks, four times a week, with an overload of 15% of body mass. Plasma glucose, lactate, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol concentrations, phagocytic capacity, cationic vesicle content, and superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages were evaluated. Proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes was also estimated. RESULTS: Interval training resulted in attenuation of the resting hyperglycemic state and decreased blood lipids in the DIT group. Diabetes increased the functionality of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in the DSE group. Interval training increased all functionality parameters of peritoneal macrophages in the IT group. Interval training also led to a twofold increase in the proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes after 6 weeks of exercise in the DIT group. CONCLUSION: Low-volume high-intensity physical exercise attenuates hyperglycemia and dislipidemia induced by type 1 diabetes, and induces changes in the functionality of innate and acquired immunity.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou os efeitos do treinamento intervalado sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e imunológicos em ratos diabéticos do tipo 1. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em quatro grupos: sedentário (SE, n = 15), treinamento intervalado (TI, n = 17), sedentário diabético (SED, n = 17) e treinamento intervalado diabético (TID, n = 17). O diabetes foi induzido por uma injeção intravenosa de estreptozotocina (60 mg/kg). O treinamento intervalado de natação consistiu de 30s de exercício com 30s de recuperação, 30 minutos, durante 6 semanas, 4 vezes por semana, com sobrecarga de 15% da massa corporal. Foram avaliados glicemia, lactato sanguíneo, concentração de triacilglicerol e colesterol total, capacidade fagocítica, conteúdo de vesículas catiô­nicas, produção de ânion superóxido e peróxido de hidrogênio por neutrófilos sanguíneos e macrófagos peritoneais. A proliferação de linfócitos mesentéricos também foi avaliada. RESULTADOS: O treinamento intervalado resultou em atenuação do estado hiperglicêmico e diminuiu os lipídeos sanguíneos no grupo TID. O diabetes aumentou a funcionalidade dos neutrófilos sanguíneos e macrófagos peritoneais do grupo SED. O treinamento intervalado aumentou todos os parâmetros funcionais dos macrófagos peritoneais do grupo TI. O treinamento intervalado também aumentou duas vezes a proliferação dos linfócitos mesentéricos após seis semanas de exercício do grupo TID. CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento intervalado atenua a hiperglicemia e a dislipidemia induzida pelo diabetes do tipo 1 e induz mudanças na funcionalidade da imunidade inata e adquirida.