Abordagem transcirúrgica e acompanhamento pós-operatório de um canino com um shunt esplênico-azigos / Transurgical approach and postoperative follow-up of a canine with a splenic-azygos shunt

Background: The most frequent hepatic circulatory abnormality in dogs is the portosystemic shunt, characterized by an atypical deviation of the hepatic blood flow, that causes the blood that should be drained by the liver through the portal vein to be diverted to another systemic vein, as a result of the presence of the anomalous vessel. This diversion leads to reduced hepatic blood flow and, consequently, organ dysfunction, along with the accumulation of many toxins in the circulation, for instance, ammonia and short-chain fatty acids. The main objective of this paper is to Report the clinical case of a canine female diagnosed with an extrahepatic portosystemic shunt and submitted to surgical treatment using an ameroid constrictor ring in the obstruction of the anomalous vessel. Case: A canine Shih-Tzu, at the age of 1 year and 8 months, was brought to the Veterinary Hospital presenting a history of emesis and smaller body structure than other animals from the same litter. The animal had been diagnosed with portosystemic shunt at age 1 month, by means of complementary biochemistry, ultrasonography and computed tomography examinations. The latter identified the anomalous vessel, which originated from the left gastric vein and was inserted into the azygos vein in the portohepatic region. During the surgical intervention, after median pre-retro-umbilical celiotomy, a calibrous vessel was identified, coming out of the junction of two splenic veins and a gastric vein that penetrated the diaphragm and connected to the azygos vein in the thorax before flowing into the vena cava…(AU)

Abordagem transcirúrgica e acompanhamento pós-operatório de um canino com um shunt esplênico-azigos / Transurgical approach and postoperative follow-up of a canine with a splenic-azygos shunt

Background: The most frequent hepatic circulatory abnormality in dogs is the portosystemic shunt, characterized by an atypical deviation of the hepatic blood flow, that causes the blood that should be drained by the liver through the portal vein to be diverted to another systemic vein, as a result of the presence of the anomalous vessel. This diversion leads to reduced hepatic blood flow and, consequently, organ dysfunction, along with the accumulation of many toxins in the circulation, for instance, ammonia and short-chain fatty acids. The main objective of this paper is to Report the clinical case of a canine female diagnosed with an extrahepatic portosystemic shunt and submitted to surgical treatment using an ameroid constrictor ring in the obstruction of the anomalous vessel. Case: A canine Shih-Tzu, at the age of 1 year and 8 months, was brought to the Veterinary Hospital presenting a history of emesis and smaller body structure than other animals from the same litter. The animal had been diagnosed with portosystemic shunt at age 1 month, by means of complementary biochemistry, ultrasonography and computed tomography examinations. The latter identified the anomalous vessel, which originated from the left gastric vein and was inserted into the azygos vein in the portohepatic region. During the surgical intervention, after median pre-retro-umbilical celiotomy, a calibrous vessel was identified, coming out of the junction of two splenic veins and a gastric vein that penetrated the diaphragm and connected to the azygos vein in the thorax before flowing into the vena cava

Effects of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of morphine-induced vomiting, sedation and some physiological variables in dogs

Background: Acepromazine was found to reduce the incidence of vomiting induced by opioids such as morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone in dogs. Despite the effectiveness of the phenothiazine in preventing opioid-induced vomiting in this species, a single dose of acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) was tested and the influence of dose on the antiemetic effect of the drug is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of vomiting induced by morphine in dogs. A secondary aim was to assess the degree of sedation and effects on physiological variables following administration of the combinations tested.Materials, Methods & Results: All dogs received 0.5 mg/kg morphine (IM). Fifteen min before morphine, dogs in the Control, ACPLD, ACPMD and ACPHD groups were administered (IM) physiological saline or acepromazine at doses of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. In Phase 1, purpose-bred dogs (n = 8) underwent each of the four treatments in a randomized, crossover design; the incidence of vomiting, sedation, pulse rate (PR), systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures (SAP, MAP and DAP) were investigated for 60 min. Sedation was assessed by a numeric descriptive scale (NDS, range 0-3) and a simple numerical scale (SNS, range 1-10). In Phase 2, client-owned dogs (n = 50) received a single treatment and only the incidence of vomiting was assessed. There was no significant difference between groups on the incidence of vomiting recorded in Phase 1, Phase 2 and the average of Phases 1 and 2. A significant decrease in PR was observed in most groups but no significant difference was detected between groups. Blood pressure decreased in all groups; during most of the evaluation period, SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly higher in the Control than in other treatments. Dogs in this study presented mild to intense sedation.[...]

Effects of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of morphine-induced vomiting, sedation and some physiological variables in dogs

Background: Acepromazine was found to reduce the incidence of vomiting induced by opioids such as morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone in dogs. Despite the effectiveness of the phenothiazine in preventing opioid-induced vomiting in this species, a single dose of acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) was tested and the influence of dose on the antiemetic effect of the drug is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of vomiting induced by morphine in dogs. A secondary aim was to assess the degree of sedation and effects on physiological variables following administration of the combinations tested.Materials, Methods & Results: All dogs received 0.5 mg/kg morphine (IM). Fifteen min before morphine, dogs in the Control, ACPLD, ACPMD and ACPHD groups were administered (IM) physiological saline or acepromazine at doses of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. In Phase 1, purpose-bred dogs (n = 8) underwent each of the four treatments in a randomized, crossover design; the incidence of vomiting, sedation, pulse rate (PR), systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures (SAP, MAP and DAP) were investigated for 60 min. Sedation was assessed by a numeric descriptive scale (NDS, range 0-3) and a simple numerical scale (SNS, range 1-10). In Phase 2, client-owned dogs (n = 50) received a single treatment and only the incidence of vomiting was assessed. There was no significant difference between groups on the incidence of vomiting recorded in Phase 1, Phase 2 and the average of Phases 1 and 2. A significant decrease in PR was observed in most groups but no significant difference was detected between groups. Blood pressure decreased in all groups; during most of the evaluation period, SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly higher in the Control than in other treatments. Dogs in this study presented mild to intense sedation.[...](AU)

Concordância entre o monitor oscilométrico Petmap e o Doppler ultrassônico para mensuração da pressão arterial sistólica em cães conscientes / Agreement between the Petmap oscillometric device and Doppler ultrasonic for systolic blood pressure measurement in conscious dogs

Background: Arterial blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential to evaluate cardiovascular performance in clinical practice and during anesthetic procedures in veterinary patients. Measurement of blood pressure can be performed directly (invasively) or indirectly (non invasively). When using non-invasive methods such as the Doppler ultrasonic and oscillometric devices, the accuracy of these methods should be evaluated before they can be used in clinical practice. The present study aimed to determine the agreement between systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) measured by the Doppler ultrasonic and the Petmap oscillometric device in conscious dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty one healthy dogs weighing 13.2 ± 4.5 kg were used. The dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency and SAP measurements were performed in the non-dependent thoracic limb. All blood pressure measurements were performed using the blood pressure cuff provided by the manufacturer of the Petmap device. The cuff was positioned proximal to the carpus and its width was approximately 50% of limb circumference. Blood pressure measurements with the Doppler ultrasonic were conducted using a standard technique. A sphygmomanometer was connected to the cuff and the Doppler flow probe was positioned over the common metacarpal artery after the hair was clipped and conductive gel was applied. Three consecutive measurements of SAP were obtained with the Doppler and the mean was used for analysis. Immediately after measurements with the Doppler, the blood pressure cuff was connected to the Petmap, a single automated measurement was obtained and the SAP value was recorded. For each dog, eight pairs of SAP measurements (Doppler measurements followed by the Petmap measurement) were obtained with a minimum of 5-min intervals.[...]

Concordância entre o monitor oscilométrico Petmap e o Doppler ultrassônico para mensuração da pressão arterial sistólica em cães conscientes / Agreement between the Petmap oscillometric device and Doppler ultrasonic for systolic blood pressure measurement in conscious dogs

Background: Arterial blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential to evaluate cardiovascular performance in clinical practice and during anesthetic procedures in veterinary patients. Measurement of blood pressure can be performed directly (invasively) or indirectly (non invasively). When using non-invasive methods such as the Doppler ultrasonic and oscillometric devices, the accuracy of these methods should be evaluated before they can be used in clinical practice. The present study aimed to determine the agreement between systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) measured by the Doppler ultrasonic and the Petmap oscillometric device in conscious dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty one healthy dogs weighing 13.2 ± 4.5 kg were used. The dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency and SAP measurements were performed in the non-dependent thoracic limb. All blood pressure measurements were performed using the blood pressure cuff provided by the manufacturer of the Petmap device. The cuff was positioned proximal to the carpus and its width was approximately 50% of limb circumference. Blood pressure measurements with the Doppler ultrasonic were conducted using a standard technique. A sphygmomanometer was connected to the cuff and the Doppler flow probe was positioned over the common metacarpal artery after the hair was clipped and conductive gel was applied. Three consecutive measurements of SAP were obtained with the Doppler and the mean was used for analysis. Immediately after measurements with the Doppler, the blood pressure cuff was connected to the Petmap, a single automated measurement was obtained and the SAP value was recorded. For each dog, eight pairs of SAP measurements (Doppler measurements followed by the Petmap measurement) were obtained with a minimum of 5-min intervals.[...](AU)