Global nutritional challenges of reformulated food: A review.

Food reformulation, the process of redesigning processed food products to make them healthier, is considered a crucial step in the fight against noncommunicable diseases. The reasons for reformulating food vary, with a common focus on reducing the levels of harmful substances, such as fats, sugars, and salts. Although this topic is broad, this review aims to shed light on the current challenges faced in the reformulation of food and to explore different approaches that can be taken to overcome these challenges. The review highlights the perception of consumer risk, the reasons for reformulating food, and the challenges involved. The review also emphasizes the importance of fortifying artisanal food processing and modifying microbial fermentation in order to meet the nutrient requirements of people in developing countries. The literature suggests that while the traditional reductionist approach remains relevant and yields quicker results, the food matrix approach, which involves engineering food microstructure, is a more complex process that may take longer to implement in developing economies. The findings of the review indicate that food reformulation policies are more likely to succeed if the private sector collaborates with or responds to the government regulatory process, and further research is conducted to establish newly developed reformulation concepts from different countries. In conclusion, food reformulation holds great promise in reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases and improving the health of people around the world.

Food safety in vulnerable populations: A perspective on the challenges and solutions.

Vulnerable populations are a particular group that are not capable of fending for themselves due to a number of limitations. Among many things, of particular concern is the food safety challenges faced by these individuals and the high risk of susceptibility to foodborne diseases. In this paper, an attempt is made to point out the various challenges faced by vulnerable populations that make them more susceptible to foodborne illness than other healthy adults. Also, the paper highlights possible improvement pathways through which these people can have access to safe and nutritious food, and the current interventional steps taken to address the food safety risk associated with food handling activities of food meant for vulnerable groups.

Bioactive compounds by microalgae and potentials for the management of some human disease conditions.

Microalgae biomasses are excellent sources of diverse bioactive compounds such as lipids, polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins, phenolics and phycobiliproteins. Large-scale production of these bioactive substances would require microalgae cultivation either in open-culture systems or closed-culture systems. Some of these bioactive compounds (such as polysaccharides, phycobiliproteins and lipids) are produced during their active growth phase. They appear to have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidative, anticancer, neuroprotective and chemo-preventive activities. These properties confer on microalgae the potential for use in the treatment and/or management of several neurologic and cell dysfunction-related disease conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), AIDS and COVID-19, as shown in this review. Although several health benefits have been highlighted, there appears to be a consensus in the literature that the field of microalgae is still fledgling, and more research needs to be carried out to ascertain the mechanisms of action that underpin the effectiveness of microalgal compounds. In this review, two biosynthetic pathways were modeled to help elucidate the mode of action of the bioactive compounds from microalgae and their products. These are carotenoid and phycobilin proteins biosynthetic pathways. The education of the public on the importance of microalgae backed with empirical scientific evidence will go a long way to ensure that the benefits from research investigations are quickly rolled out. The potential application of these microalgae to some human disease conditions was highlighted.

Impact of COVID-19 on foodborne illness in Africa - A perspective piece.

Food safety investments in Africa, through international donors or national programs, were primarily focused on the formal market sector. However, increasing consumer food safety concerns about foods sold in the growing informal food markets, the rising foodborne disease burden in Africa, and the emergence of COVID-19 have all made food safety a major concern and ultimately brought it to an inflection point in Africa. In addition, Data on foodborne disease outbreaks revealed a scarcity of reported cases before and during the pandemic. The lack of information on foodborne disease reporting in Africa translates into one of the reasons why food safety in Africa is becoming a rising subject matter. This perspective discusses the situation of food safety in Africa before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, challenges confronting ongoing efforts to improve food safety in the post-COVID era in Africa are summarized and highlighted.

Comparative genome analysis of the first Listeria monocytogenes core genome multi-locus sequence types CT2050 AND CT2051 strains with their close relatives.

Genome sequences of the three strains of L. monocytogenes, which are the first core genome multi-locus sequence types (cgMLST) 2050 and 2051 were reviewed and compared with 21 close relatives and reference genomes. Using a pan-genomic approach to analyse whole genome sequences, it was found that the strains consisted of approximately 2200 shared genes and a much greater pool of genes present as an accessory genome. An unknown transmissible sequence of approximately 91 kb harbouring bacitracin resistance genes found in strain LmNG2 (1/2b) was revealed to be an Inc18 plasmid. The CT2051, strain LmNG3 (1/2a) haboured more unique genes (252 vs 230) than the well-known reference strain LmEGD-e (1/2a). More studies to monitor new strains can help reduce food-borne outbreaks.

Improving Food Safety Culture in Nigeria: A Review of Practical Issues.

As a developing nation and the most populous nation in Africa, Nigeria has enormous challenges connected with food safety culture. To produce and provide safe, secure and nutritious food, consumers and food businesses must abide by a set of shared values known as food safety culture. In Nigeria, food safety culture is a complex subject due to Nigeria's heterogeneous and diverse nature, as demonstrated by its over 250 ethnic groups. As Nigeria becomes more urbanized and incomes continue to fluctuate at robust rates, few Nigerians are conscious of food safety issues. In addition, oversight from government regulators around food safety require improvement. Public engagement in food safety issues has not witnessed a promising trajectory in recent years. In this article, we provide a review of the food safety culture in Nigeria and its role and influence on various cases of food safety issues in Nigeria. Of interest to this paper are studies exploring consumer and food handler perceptions and behavior regarding food safety. In addition, keen attention is devoted to areas that are in need of additional research to help address practical and on-the-ground challenges associated with Nigeria's food safety practices. This article suggests that improving food safety culture in Nigeria requires both applying the best management and communication approaches in different regions and understanding the local food safety practices.

Properties of the Extracellular Polymeric Substance Layer from Minimally Grown Planktonic Cells of Listeria monocytogenes.

The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a serious concern to food processing facilities because of its persistence. When liquid cultures of L. monocytogenes were prepared in defined media, it was noted that planktonic cells rapidly dropped out of suspension. Zeta potential and hydrophobicity assays found that the cells were more negatively charged (-22, -18, -10 mV in defined media D10, MCDB 202 and brain heart infusion [BHI] media, respectively) and were also more hydrophobic. A SEM analysis detected a capsular-like structure on the surface of cells grown in D10 media. A crude extract of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was found to contain cell-associated proteins. The proteins were removed with pronase treatment. The remaining non-proteinaceous component was not stained by Coomassie blue dye and a further chemical analysis of the EPS did not detect significant amounts of sugars, DNA, polyglutamic acid or any other specific amino acid. When the purified EPS was subjected to attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, the spectra obtained did not match the profile of any of the 12 reference compounds used. An x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the EPS was amorphous and a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis detected the presence of glycerol. An elemental energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis showed traces of phosphorous as a major component. In conclusion, it is proposed that the non-proteinaceous component may be phospholipid in nature, possibly derived from the cell wall lipoteichoic acid.

An in silico analysis of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in Aeromonas plasmids.

Sequences of 105 Aeromonas species plasmids were probed for acquired anti-microbial resistance (AMR) genes using a bioinformatics approach. The plasmids showed no positive linear correlation between size and GC content and up to 55 acquired AMR genes were found in 39 (37%) plasmids after in silico screening for resistance against 15 antibiotic drug classes. Overall, potential multiple antibiotic resistance (p-MAR) index ranged from 0.07 to 0.53. Up to 18 plasmids were predicted to mediate multiple drug resistance (MDR). Plasmids pS121-1a (A. salmonicida), pWCX23_1 (A. hydrophila) and pASP-a58 (A. veronii) harboured 18, 15 and 14 AMR genes respectively. The five most occurring drug classes for which AMR genes were detected were aminoglycosides (27%), followed by beta-lactams (17%), sulphonamides (13%), fluoroquinolones (13%), and phenicols (10%). The most prevalent genes were a sulphonamide resistant gene Sul1, the gene aac (6')-Ib-cr (aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyl transferase type Ib-cr) resistant to aminoglycosides and the blaKPC-2 gene, which encodes carbapenemase-production. Plasmid acquisition of AMR genes was mainly inter-genus rather than intra-genus. Eighteen plasmids showed template or host genes acquired from Pseudomonas monteilii, Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli. The most occurring antimicrobial resistance determinants (ARDs) were beta-lactamase, followed by aminoglycosides acetyl-transferases, and then efflux pumps. Screening of new isolates in vitro and in vivo is required to ascertain the level of phenotypic expression of colistin and other acquired AMR genes detected.

Data on evolutionary relationships of Aeromonas hydrophila and Serratia proteamaculans that attach to water tanks.

Here the data on evolutionary relationships of persistent bacteria from water tanks and their close relatives are shown. Curated sequences of the hypervariable region of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) obtained from a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila and two strains of Serratia proteamaculans after searches in the GenBank® database were analyzed. The analysis which included 104 other bacteria strains, was carried out using molecular evolutionary genetic analysis (MEGA 7.0) software.

Draft Genome Sequences of Listeria monocytogenes, Isolated from Fresh Leaf Vegetables in Owerri City, Nigeria.

Here, we report the draft genome sequences of three Listeria monocytogenes isolates from fresh leaves collected in Nigeria, belonging to sequence types ST5 and ST155 (sublineages SL5 and SL155, respectively).