The role of Gly-4 of human cystatin A (stefin A) in the binding of target proteinases. Characterization by kinetic and equilibrium methods of the interactions of cystatin A Gly-4 mutants with papain, cathepsin B, and cathepsin L.

The importance of the evolutionarily conserved Gly-4 residue for the affinity and kinetics of interaction of cystatin A with several cysteine proteinases was assessed by site-directed mutagenesis. Even the smallest replacement, by Ala, resulted in approximately 1000-, approximately 10- and approximately 6000-fold decreased affinities for papain, cathepsin L, and cathepsin B, respectively. Substitution by Ser gave further 3-8-fold reductions in affinity, whereas the largest decreases, >10(5)-fold, were observed for mutations to Arg and Glu. The kinetics of inhibition of papain by the mutants with small side chains, Ala and Ser, were compatible with a one-step bimolecular reaction similar to that with wild-type cystatin A. The decreased affinities of these mutants for papain and cathepsin L were due exclusively to increased dissociation rate constants, but the reduced affinities for cathepsin B were due also to decreased association rate constants. The latter finding indicates that the intact N-terminal region serves as a guide directing cystatin A to the active site of cathepsin B, as has been proposed for cystatin C. The kinetics of binding of the mutants with charged side chains, Arg and Glu, to papain were consistent with a two-step binding mechanism, in which the mutant side chains are accommodated in the complex by a conformational change. The NMR solution structure of the Ala and Trp mutants showed only minor changes compared with wild-type cystatin A, indicating that the large reductions in affinity for proteinases are not due to altered structures of the mutants. Instead, a side chain larger than a hydrogen atom at position 4 affects the interaction with the proteinase most likely by interfering with the binding of the N-terminal region.

Two-step mechanism of inhibition of cathepsin B by cystatin C due to displacement of the proteinase occluding loop.

Stopped-flow kinetics showed that the inhibition of the lysosomal cysteine proteinase, cathepsin B, by its endogenous inhibitor, cystatin C, occurs by a two-step mechanism, in which an initial, weak interaction is followed by a conformational change. The initial interaction most likely involves binding of the N-terminal region of the inhibitor to the proteinase. Considerable evidence indicates that the subsequent conformational change is due to the inhibitor displacing the occluding loop of the proteinase that partially obscures the active site. The presence of this loop, which allows the enzyme to function as an exopeptidase, thus complicates the inhibition mechanism, rendering cathepsin B much less susceptible than other cysteine proteinases to inhibition by cystatins.

Inhibition of cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase of the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, by proteinase inhibitors of the cystatin superfamily.

Cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, purified to a sequentially pure form, exists in multiple forms with pI values between 3.7 and 5.1, and an apparent molecular mass of 41 kDa. The enzyme is stable between pH 4.5-9.5. Cruzipain was found to be rapidly and tightly inhibited by various protein inhibitors of the cystatin superfamily (kass = 1.7-79 x 10(6) M-1s-1, Kd = 1.4-72 pM). These results suggest a possible defensive role for the host's cystatins after parasite infection, and may be of use for the design of new therapeutic drugs.

Characterization by rapid-kinetic and equilibrium methods of the interaction between N-terminally truncated forms of chicken cystatin and the cysteine proteinases papain and actinidin.

The interaction between five N-terminally truncated forms of chicken cystatin (starting at Leu-7, Leu-8, Gly-9, Ala-10 and Asp-15) and the cysteine proteinases papain and actinidin was studied by spectroscopic, kinetic and equilibrium methods. The u.v. absorption, near-u.v. c.d. and fluorescence emission difference spectra for the interactions with papain were all similar to the corresponding spectra for intact cystatin. The second-order association rate constants at 25 degrees C, pH 7.4, I 0.15, for the binding of the truncated forms to papain varied about 2-fold, from 6 x 10(6) to 1.5 x 10(7) M-1.s-1, and were comparable to the value of 9.9 x 10(6) M-1.s-1 for intact cystatin. In contrast, the rate constants for the dissociation of the complexes with papain increased markedly with increasing extent of truncation, from 7.5 x 10(-6)s-1 for Leu7 cystatin (a truncated form of cystatin having Leu-7 as its N-terminal amino acid) to 1.6s-1 for Ala10-cystatin, whereas the dissociation rate constants for the latter form and Asp15-cystatin were similar. Consequently, the binding affinities between the truncated cystatins and papain decreased in an analogous manner, as was also shown for the interaction with actinidin by equilibrium measurements. Studies of the binding of the truncated cystatins to inactivated papains indicated that small substituents on the active-site cysteine of the enzyme can be accommodated in the complex without any loss of affinity when the N-terminal segment of the inhibitor is removed. Taken together, the results suggest that in the N-terminal region of chicken cystatin only residues preceding Ala-10 participate in the interaction with proteinases. Of these residues, Leu-7 and Leu-8 together account for about two-thirds of the unitary free energy of binding contributed by the N-terminal region, the relative importance of the two residues being dependent on the target proteinase. Both Gly-9 and residues N-terminal of Leu-7 further stabilize the interaction but contribute substantially smaller binding energies than do the two leucine residues.

Evidence by chemical modification that tryptophan-104 of the cysteine-proteinase inhibitor chicken cystatin is located in or near the proteinase-binding site.

The single tryptophan residue Trp-104 of chicken cystatin was modified with a 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl group. The change of the absorption spectrum of this group on binding of the modified cystatin to papain indicated a decreased environmental polarity of the probe. The modified inhibitor had about a 10(5)-fold lower affinity for papain than had intact cystatin, this being due to a higher dissociation rate constant. These results show that Trp-104 of cystatin is located in or near the proteinase-binding site of the inhibitor, in agreement with a model proposed from computer docking Experiments.