ABSTRACT
Objective. To develop a robust technique for calculating regional volume changes within the lung from x-ray radiograph sequences captured during ventilation, without the use of computed tomography (CT).Approach. This technique is based on the change in transmitted x-ray intensity that occurs for each lung region as air displaces the attenuating lung tissue.Main results. Lung air volumes calculated from x-ray intensity changes showed a strong correlation (R2= 0.98) against the true volumes, measured from high-resolution CT. This correlation enables us to accurately convert projected intensity data into relative changes in lung air volume. We have applied this technique to measure changes in regional lung volumes from x-ray image sequences of mechanically ventilated, recently-deceased newborn rabbits, without the use of CT.Significance. This method is suitable for biomedical research studies,enabling quantitative regional measurement of relative lung air volumes at high temporal resolution, and shows great potential for future clinical application.
Subject(s)
Lung , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Animals , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Lung Volume Measurements/methods , Rabbits , Radiography , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , X-RaysABSTRACT
The possible role of circulating immune complexes (IC) in the production gastrointestinal lesions was studied in rabbits with chronic serum sickness (CSS) induced by multiple daily injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA). All rabbits generating a marked antibody response developed IC glomerulonephritis. In approximately 50% of these rabbits granular deposits of BSA, rabbit IgG, and C3 were also found in the gastrointestinal tract. The immune deposits in the gastrointestinal tract were mainly present in the vessel walls, close to the intestinal glands and the surface epithelium, and between the smooth muscle cells. This was accompanied by slight to moderate edema of the mucosa and the submucosa and mild infiltration of inflammatory cells. Electron-densedeposits were found in a pattern corresponding to that observed for BSA, rabbit IgG, and C3. Degranulated neutrophils, basophils, and mast cells were noticed in the interstitium. The presence in the same areas of granular deposits of BSA, IgG, and C3, corresponding to electron-dense deposits, suggests that the deposits contain BSA-anti-BSA complexes. These findings show that in rabbits with CSS circulating IC may localize and induce injury in the gastrointestinal tract.
Subject(s)
Antigen-Antibody Complex , Digestive System/immunology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/immunology , Serum Sickness/immunology , Animals , Colon/immunology , Colon/pathology , Digestive System/pathology , Digestive System/ultrastructure , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Gastrointestinal Diseases/pathology , Glomerulonephritis/immunology , Glomerulonephritis/pathology , Intestine, Small/immunology , Intestine, Small/pathology , Intestine, Small/ultrastructure , Male , Rabbits , Serum Albumin, Bovine/administration & dosage , Serum Sickness/pathologyABSTRACT
The morphologic basis of proteinuria in experimental chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis in rabbits was studied by light and electron microscopy using horseradish peroxidase (effective radius 30 A; mol. wt. 40,000) and ferritin (effective radius 60 A; mol. wt. 480,000) as protein tracers. It was found that more ferritin, but paradoxically, less horseradish peroxidase gained access to the urinary space. Observations made by electron microscopy appeared to indicate a decreased permeability of most part of the damaged glomerular capillary wall to both tracers. These results favor the interpretation that proteinuria in chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis is the result of focal rather than diffuse increase in permeability of the glomerular capillary wall. Lesions of segments of the nephron other than the glomerular capillary wall, may contribute to the leakage of proteins to the urinary space.
Subject(s)
Glomerulonephritis/pathology , Kidney Glomerulus/pathology , Proteinuria/pathology , Animals , Capillary Permeability , Chronic Disease , Female , Ferritins , Glomerulonephritis/etiology , Glomerulonephritis/physiopathology , Horseradish Peroxidase , Kidney Glomerulus/physiopathology , Kidney Glomerulus/ultrastructure , Proteinuria/physiopathology , Rabbits , Serum Sickness/complicationsSubject(s)
Antigen-Antibody Complex , Serum Sickness/immunology , Adrenal Glands/immunology , Animals , Antibody Formation , Antigens , Capillaries/immunology , Choroid Plexus/immunology , Chronic Disease , Complement C3 , Coronary Vessels/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Kidney Glomerulus/blood supply , Liver/immunology , Lung/blood supply , Lung/immunology , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology , Myocardial Infarction/immunology , Pancreas/blood supply , Proteinuria/etiology , Rabbits , Serum Albumin, Bovine , Spleen/immunologySubject(s)
Antigen-Antibody Complex , Immune Complex Diseases/immunology , Kidney Diseases/immunology , Serum Sickness/immunology , Animals , Basement Membrane/immunology , Complement System Proteins , Endothelium/immunology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Glomerulonephritis/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Immunoglobulin M/analysis , Kidney/immunology , Kidney Cortex/immunology , Kidney Medulla/immunology , Microscopy, Electron , Rabbits , Serum Albumin, BovineABSTRACT
Membranous and/or proliferative pneumonitis, similar in certain features to human interstitial pneumonitis, developed in rabbits making hyperactive antibody response to daily injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) administered in multiple large doses sufficient to maintain the state of relative antigen-antibody equivalence. The pulmonary lesions were associated with deposition in alveolar capillary walls and interstitium of antigen, host globulin and complement, presumably in immune complexes. In some rabbits chronic interstitial pneumonitis, characterized by thickening of alveolar capillary walls, interstitial fibrosis and deposition of fibrinogen, was observed. The production of immune complex pneumonitis seems to depend on the degree of the antibody response because rabbits developing chronic serum sickness with low doses of BSA, rabbits with acute serum sickness as well as nonresponders showed no pulmonary alterations. This observation is comparable to that described by Dixon in his studies on experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis. It is conceivable that the pulmonary pathology shown here is produced by formation of larger amounts of complexes which may persist longer at critical levels in the circulation than in rabbits immunized with a single daily injection of BSA. In conclusion this study suggests: first, that experimental chronic serum sickness can be used as a model, not only for glomerulonephritis, but also for experimental systemic disease, comparable to human systemic diseases produced by circulating antigen-antibody complexes; and second, that the pathogenesis proposed here offers an alternative to using antilung basement membrane pneumonitis for the experimental approach to the study of human lung immunopathology.