ABSTRACT
Low adherence to guidelines for weight-related behaviours (e.g. dietary intake and physical activity) among US children underscores the need to better understand how parental factors may influence children's obesity risk. In addition to most often acting as primary caregiver to their children, women are also known to experience greater levels of stress than men. This study systematically reviewed associations between maternal stress and children's weight-related behaviours. Our search returned 14 eligible articles, representing 25 unique associations of maternal stress with a distinct child weight-related behaviour (i.e. healthy diet [n = 3], unhealthy diet [n = 6], physical activity [n = 7] and sedentary behaviour [n = 9]). Overall, findings for the relationship between maternal stress and children's weight-related behaviours were mixed, with no evidence for an association with children's healthy or unhealthy dietary intake, but fairly consistent evidence for the association of maternal stress with children's lower physical activity and higher sedentary behaviour. Recommendations for future research include prioritizing prospective designs, identifying moderators, and use of high-resolution, real-time data collection techniques to elucidate potential mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Mothers/psychology , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/psychology , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Child , Child Behavior/psychology , Diet , Diet, Healthy , Exercise , Female , Health Behavior , Humans , Parenting/psychology , Pregnancy , Sedentary Behavior , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Primary tumors of the optic nerve are uncommon. The most common are optic nerve gliomas (ONGs), which account for 66% of all primary optic nerve tumors. Seventy-five percent of gliomas are diagnosed in the first decade of life, and 90% are diagnosed in the first two decades. This article discusses the anatomy and imaging of the optic pathway and the clinical manifestations of ONGs.
