Quantal breathing frequency variation in halothane anaesthetised neonatal rats.

We examined the changes in cardioventilatory synchronisation and breathing frequency variability that occur during early postnatal development in anaesthetised rats. Five-minute periods of heart rate and inspiratory timing data were recorded from 26 halothane anaesthetised, spontaneously breathing rats aged 2-14 days. The presence of cardioventilatory synchronisation was determined by examining the timing relationship between inspiratory onset and the preceding ECG R waves. We observed synchronisation at all ages, and the degree of synchronisation present (measured as the Shannon entropy of the interval between inspiration and the immediately preceding R wave) did not correlate with age. Frequent apnoeas were observed in the respiratory frequency time series. The duration of these apnoeas was close to either one or two times the duration of the immediately preceding breath. We suggest that these "dropped breaths" may be the consequence of a resetting of the respiratory oscillator just prior to initiation of the breath, or a gating process beneath the oscillator that intermittently blocks the mechanical initiation of breaths. Dropped breaths were seen commonly in rats up to 11 days of age, but rarely in 11-14-day old rats, and were not associated with the presence or absence of cardioventilatory synchronisation.

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Accidental hypothermia: a review of 62 cases.

A retrospective review of all patients seen in an urban city-county emergency department over a 32-month period with a primary or associated diagnosis of hypothermia was performed using the emergency department encounter form and the inpatient chart of 62 cases (59 patients) with core temperatures of 35 C (95 F) or below. With this relatively large population, a general conclusion was reached about the presentation and natural history of this interesting entity. This permitted a defensible treatment regimen which is currently employed a this institution and which is offered for institutions in similar settings. The variance in clinical signs, laboratory values, electrocardiographic findings and complications encountered in this study are detailed against the background of a review of the findings of the current literature.