ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to the development and impact of chronic pain in adulthood. The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ACEs in a treatment-seeking sample of adults with chronic pain and the relationship between number and type(s) of ACEs and pain-related outcomes. METHODS: Adults (N=1794) presenting for treatment at a multidisciplinary pain management center completed self-report measures of childhood adversity, pain, functioning, emotional distress, and adjustment to pain. RESULTS: Participants endorsing ≥4 ACEs had significantly worse pain-related outcomes and lower quality of life compared with individuals reporting fewer ACEs. Having ≥3 ACEs was associated with higher anxiety and depression levels. Experiences of childhood neglect negatively affected mental health-related outcomes independent of the number of ACEs. Significant sex differences were found in the number and type of ACEs reported but not in the relationship between ACEs and outcome variables. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the number and the type of self-reported ACE(s) are associated with pain-related variables and psychosocial functioning in adults with chronic pain. The results highlight the importance of assessment of ACEs and trauma-informed care with patients with chronic pain.
