ABSTRACT
The growth-inhibitory properties of a 5-nitrothiazole series were evaluated against Trypanosoma brucei. A subset of related compounds displayed the greatest potency toward the parasite while exhibiting little cytotoxic effect on mammalian cells, with this antiparasitic activity dependent on expression of a type I nitroreductase by the trypanosome. We conclude that the 5-nitrothiazole class of nitroheterocyclic drugs may represent a new lead in the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis.
Subject(s)
Thiazoles/chemistry , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Trypanocidal Agents/chemistry , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/drug effects , Animals , Cell Line , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mammals , Nitroreductases/genetics , Nitroreductases/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/genetics , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/metabolismABSTRACT
Novel linear 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-based piperazides were synthesized and evaluated as antitrypanosomal agents. In addition, some bisarylpiperazine-ethanones which were formed as by-products were also screened for antiparasitic activity. Most 3-nitrotriazole-based derivatives were potent and selective against Trypanosoma cruzi parasites, but only one displayed these desired properties against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Moreover, two 3-nitrotriazole-based chlorophenylpiperazides were moderately and selectively active against Leishmania donovani. Although the bisarylpiperazine-ethanones were active or moderately active against T. cruzi, none of them demonstrated an acceptable selectivity. In general, 3-nitrotriazole-based piperazides were less toxic to host L6 cells than the previously evaluated 3-nitrotriazole-based piperazines and seven of 13 were 1.54- to 31.2-fold more potent antichagasic agents than the reference drug benznidazole. Selected compounds showed good ADMET characteristics. One potent in vitro antichagasic compound (3) was tested in an acute murine model and demonstrated antichagasic activity after a 10-day treatment of 15 mg/kg/day. However, neither compound 3 nor benznidazole showed a statistically significant P value compared to control due to high variability in parasite burden among the untreated animals. Working as prodrugs, 3-nitrotriazole-based piperazides were excellent substrates of trypanosomal type I nitroreductases and constitute a novel class of potentially effective and more affordable antitrypanosomal agents.
Subject(s)
Leishmania donovani/drug effects , Piperazines/pharmacology , Triazoles/chemistry , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense/drug effects , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Animals , Cell Line , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Structure , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Piperazines/chemical synthesis , Piperazines/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Trypanocidal Agents/chemical synthesis , Trypanocidal Agents/chemistryABSTRACT
3-Nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole- and 2-nitro-1H-imidazole-based amides with an aryloxy-phenyl core were synthesized and evaluated as antitrypanosomal agents. All 3-nitrotriazole-based derivatives were extremely potent anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents at sub nM concentrations and exhibited a high degree of selectivity for the parasite. The 2-nitroimidazole analogs were only moderately active against T. cruzi amastigotes and exhibited low selectivity. Both types of compound were active against Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes with excellent selectivity for the parasite, whereas three 2-nitroimidazole-based analogs were also moderately active against infected macrophages. However, no compound demonstrated selective activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The most potent in vitro anti-T. cruzi compounds were tested in an acute murine model and reduced the parasites to an undetectable level after five days of treatment at 13 mg/kg/day. Such compounds are potential inhibitors of T. cruzi CYP51 and, being excellent substrates for the type I nitroreductase (NTR) which is specific to trypanosomatids, work as prodrugs and constitute a new generation of effective and more affordable antitrypanosomal agents.
