ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objective was to estimate the utilization of psychotropic drugs in HIV-infected individuals compared with that in the background population. METHODS: Using data obtained from the Danish HIV Cohort Study and the Danish National Prescription Registry, we analysed aggregated data on redeemed prescription of psychotropic drugs during 1995-2009. We primarily focused our analyses on HIV-infected individuals with no history of injecting drug use (IDU) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Drug utilization was expressed as defined daily doses per 1000 person-days (DDD/1000PD). The utilization rate ratio (URR) was calculated as utilization in the HIV-infected cohort compared with that in the comparison cohort. We estimated longitudinal trends in utilization and potential associations with HIV and exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), especially efavirenz. RESULTS: During 1995-2009, 54.5% of the HIV-infected cohort (3615 non-IDU/non-HCV-infected HIV-infected individuals) and 29.2% of the comparison cohort (32 535 individuals) had at least one prescription of a psychotropic drug. HIV infection was associated with a URR of 1.13 for antipsychotics, 1.76 for anxiolytics, 4.42 for hypnotics and sedatives, and 2.28 for antidepressants. Antidepressants were confined primarily to men who have sex with men (MSM). Older age, more recent calendar time, and increased time after HIV diagnosis were associated with increased drug utilization. However, no association with exposure to HAART or efavirenz was found. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected individuals had a higher utilization of psychotropic drugs than the background population, which was not confined to individuals with a history of IDU or HCV infection. This emphasizes the need to focus on diagnosis of, and appropriate psychopharmacological interventions for, mental disorders in this population.
Subject(s)
Drug Utilization , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Adult , Cohort Studies , Denmark , Female , HIV Infections/complications , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/drug therapy , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Protein kinase C from rat brain and human neutrophils was chromatographically separated on a hydroxylapatite column connected to a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Protein kinase C from rat brain was separated into three peaks (types I, II, and III). In contrast, only two types were obtained from human neutrophils matching type II and type III in brain. In cell membranes from unstimulated human neutrophils type III was predominant, but mainly type II was translocated to the membranes upon stimulation with phorbolmyristatacetate (PMA). Both types were equivalently activated by phosphatidylserine, diolein, and magnium and presented identical Km for ATP.
Subject(s)
Isoenzymes/blood , Neutrophils/enzymology , Protein Kinase C/blood , Animals , Brain/enzymology , Cell Membrane/enzymology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Diglycerides/pharmacology , Humans , Kinetics , Magnesium/pharmacology , Phosphatidylserines/pharmacology , Protein Kinase C/isolation & purification , Protein Kinase C/metabolism , Rats , Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Fifty-one patients undergoing cholecystectomy received a single dose of buprenorphine 4.5-12 micrograms kg-1 at induction. Median duration of analgesia after surgery was 6 h. Multiple regression analysis showed the duration of analgesia to be slightly dependent on the age of the patient. No relationship was found between the duration of analgesia and the weight-related dose of buprenorphine, the age, sex or body weight of the patient, the duration of anaesthesia, or the dose of droperidol or thiopentone administered.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Anesthesia , Anesthesia, General , Buprenorphine , Cholecystectomy , Morphinans , Adult , Aged , Buprenorphine/administration & dosage , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Morphinans/administration & dosage , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Regression Analysis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Measurements of air concentrations of nitrous oxide and halothane in the breathing zone of the anaesthetist and the operating-room nurse were carried out during inhalation anaesthesia with a Mapleson D system. Gas removal was performed from inside the breathing system at the same rate as that of the fresh gas inflow by means of an ejector flow-meter. The concentrations of nitrous oxide and halothane were maintained below the Danish Threshold Limit Values of 100 and 5 parts per million, respectively, by using this type of scavenging. When these anaesthetics were used simultaneously, the reduced Threshold Limit Values were not exceeded during endotracheal anaesthesia.
