Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies.

In Nigeria, several studies have assessed the prevalence of overweight/obesity with different reports. The purpose of this study was to use a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze these overweight and obesity reports from different locations in Nigeria over the last ten years. In addition, there was a dearth of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the prevalence, trends, and demographic characteristics of overweight and obesity in the country. This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional population-based studies among adult Nigerians on the prevalence of overweight/ obesity (defined by body mass index) published from January 2010 to December 2020. Relevant abstracts were scrutinized and articles that included adults of all age groups and were not restricted to a particular group of people (e.g. university community) were selected. Each article was scrutinized by more than 2 authors before selection. The prevalence of overweight/obesity among all participants, among men and among women in Nigeria and its 6 geopolitical zones was determined. All analyses were performed using STATA version 14 (Stata Corp. College Station, Texas, USA). Thirty-three studies were selected and the number of participants was 37,205. The estimated prevalence of overweight and obesity was 27.6%, and 14.5% respectively. The prevalence of overweight among men and among women was 26.3% and 28.3% respectively and, the prevalence of obesity among men and women was 10.9% and 23.0% respectively. The prevalence of overweight in the 6 geopolitical zones was Southeast 29.3%, Southwest 29.3%, South-south 27.9%, Northwest 27.2%, North-central 25.3%, Northeast 20.0% and obesity South-south 24.7%, Southeast 15.7%, Southwest 13.9%, Northwest 10.4%, North-central 10.2%, Northeast 6.4%. Egger's tests showed no statistically significant publication bias among the studies that reported the overweight and obesity prevalence respectively (p = 0.225, P 0.350). The prevalence of overweight/obesity in Nigeria is high. The southern geopolitical zones had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity.

Assessment of nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease in Nigeria.

In Nigeria, there is paucity of data on malnutrition among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients especially before the initiation of dialysis therapy, necessitating this study. The study subjects consisted of 96 CKD patients recruited from the renal unit of our hospital. Forty age-and sex-matched controls were also studied. Nutritional status was assessed using Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), weight change over six months of follow-up, body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and serum albumin concentration. A three-day food diary was used to determine the average daily protein intake of the patients. Sixty-six CKD patients completed the study. The age range of CKD patients was 23-65 years with a mean of 47.1 ± 13.2 years while the age range of the controls was 23-65 years with a mean of 44.1 ± 14.3 years. Out of the 66 CKD patients studied, four lost >10% of their body weight. The body mass index (BMI) was low (<20 kg/m2) in eight (12.1%) of CKD patients, while three (7.5%) subjects in the control population had BMI of <20 kg/m2. The serum albumin was less than 3 g/dL in seven (10.6%) of the CKD patients, SGA identified malnutrition in 30 (46%) of the CKD patients. The prevalence of malnutrition in predialysis CKD patients was high in this study.

Prevalence and Predictors of Chronic Kidney Disease in a Semiurban Community in Lagos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of noncommunicable diseases like chronic kidney disease is on the rise in third-world countries. In Nigeria and most sub-Saharan African countries, there is dearth of community-based studies on prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease, prompting us to undertake this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, aimed at ascertaining the prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a semiurban community in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria. The study's subjects were recruited from Agbowa community in Ikosi-Ejirin Local Council Development Area of Lagos state. The community was randomly selected. Questionnaires were used to obtain relevant information from the subjects. Body mass index, anthropometric measurements, and other relevant data were also collected. RESULTS: CKD was observed in 30 subjects given prevalence of 7.5% in the community. Nine out of the 30 subjects (30%) with CKD were males, while 21 (70%) subjects were females. The prevalence of CKD was significantly higher in the female population. 28 of the subjects with CKD were in stage 3, while 2 of the subjects with CKD were in stage 4. Age, hypertension, and hyperuricemia were significantly associated with CKD. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, 4 variables predicted CKD in the study population. These were age (P =0.01, OR = 0. 274, CI = 0.102 - 0.739), hypertension (p = 0.011, OR = 0. 320, CI = 0.132 - 0.773), hyperuricemia (p=0.001, OR = 0.195, CI =0.083 - 0.461), and female sex (p = 0.009, OR = 3.775, CI = 1.401 - 10.17). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CKD in the population is low compared with other studies from other parts of the country, and the predictors included age, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and female gender. This is the first community-based study in Nigeria to identify hyperuricemia as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease in the country.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Nigeria: systematic review of population-based studies.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify and discuss published population-based studies carried out in Nigeria that have information on the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and have also used the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) practice guidelines in defining CKD, with emphasis on the performance of three estimating equations for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), Cock-croft-Gault, and CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was carried out in Google, MEDLINE, PubMed, and AJOL database, with the aim of identifying relevant population-based studies with information on the prevalence of CKD in a location in Nigeria. RESULTS: Seven cross-sectional population-based studies were identified. Two of the studies used the Cockcroft-Gault and observed a prevalence of 24.4% and 26%. Four of the studies used the MDRD and the prevalences observed were 12.3%, 14.2%, 2.5%, and 13.4%. One of the studies used the CKD-EPI equation and the prevalence was 11.4%. The male to female ratios of CKD prevalence in six studies were 1:1.9, 0.8:1, 1:1.6, 1:2, 1:1.8, 1:1.4, and the observed risk factors in the studies were old age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, family history of hypertension, family history of renal disease, low-income occupation, use of traditional medication, low hemoglobin, and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CKD was high but variable in Nigeria, influenced by the equation used to estimate the GFR. MDRD and CKD-EPI results are agreeable. There is a need for more population-based studies, with emphasis on repeating the GFR estimation after 3 months in subjects with GFR <60 mL/min/1.7 m2.