Imaging studies used as aid in the diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia. A review / Estudios de imagen utilizados como ayuda en el diagnóstico de displasia cleidocraneal. Una revisión

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), also known as Marie-Sainton syndrome, is a rare disorder of autosomal dominant type that presents specific characteristics at the skeletal and dental level. The diagnosis of CCD is based on clinical and radiographic findings. Panoramic, cephalometric and anterior poster radiographs have been used for its diagnosis in dentistry. However, these radiological techniques have limitations, and advances in technology with new imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound have emerged, contributing to the diagnosis of CCD. Therefore, the aim of this review was to identify and describe current imaging studies that contribute to both the diagnosis and adequate and efficient treatment planning of CCD, and describe the clinical and radiographic characteristics of patients with this syndrome. (AU)

La displasia cleidocraneal (DCC), también conocida como síndrome de Marie-Sainton, es un trastorno poco común de tipo autosómico dominante, que presenta características específicas a nivel esquelético y dental. El diagnóstico de DCC se basa en hallazgos clínicos y radiográficos. Las radiografías panorámicas, cefalométricas y posteroanteriores se han utilizado para su diagnóstico en el área de la odontología, pero con los avances de la tecnología y debido a las limitaciones de estas técnicas radiológicas han surgido nuevos estudios de imagen como la resonancia magnética (RM) y la ecografía, que contribuyen al diagnóstico de DCC. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta revisión fue identificar y describir los estudios de imagen actuales que aportan tanto al diagnóstico como a la planificación del tratamiento adecuado y eficiente de la DCC, y permiten describir las características clínicas y radiográficas de los pacientes con este síndrome. (AU)

Importancia de la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico en el reconocimiento de la trayectoria y sus variantes anatómicas del canal mandibular. Una revisión de la literatura / Importance of cone beam computed tomography in the recognition of the trajectory and anatomical variants of the mandibular canal. A review of the literature

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión actualizada de la literatura sobre la importancia del uso de la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC) en el reconocimiento de la trayectoria y las variantes del canal mandibular (VCM), ya que esta permite obtener imágenes de alta calidad, con una exactitud de 94%, aproximadamente, mientras que la radiografía intraoral periapical (RIP) tiene un 53% y la radiografía extraoral panorámica (REP) presenta un 17% de exactitud. Las incidencias de las variantes del canal mandibular en estudios realizados utilizando TCHC fueron entre un 1,3% y un 69%. Estas pueden diferir entre los pacientes de diferentes orígenes étnicos y, a su vez, dentro de la misma población étnica; además, hay grandes diferencias en los tipos y configuraciones de las VCM dentro de cada grupo étnico. Estudios realizados han demostrado histológicamente el contenido de las VCM; la presencia de haces de nervios y arterias de diferentes calibres sugieren también que los pacientes presentan síntomas clínicos solamente si el paquete neurovascular alcanza cierto tamaño y número de fascículos. En este estudio se describieron las diferentes clasificaciones realizadas y actualizadas con TCHC. (AU)

The objective of this study was to provide an updated review of the literature on the importance of the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the recognition of the trajectory and variants of the mandibular canal (MCV ).CBCT allows obtaining high quality images and visualization with an accuracy of approximately 94%, compared to 53% with periapical intraoral radiography (RIP) and 17% with panoramic extraoral radiography (REP), making CBCT an important diagnostic tool.The incidences of MCV in CBCT studies were between 1.3% and 69%, with differences between patients of different ethnic origins and within the same ethnic population, and in the types and configurations of MCV within each ethnic group. The studies available in the literature provide a histological description of the content of MCV. The presence of nerve and artery bundles of different calibers suggests that patients present clinical symptoms only if the neurovascular bundle reaches a certain size and number of fascicles. This review provides a description of the different classifications available and updated with CBCT. (AU)

[Interpretation of periapical healing in radiological images. A review]. / Interpretación de la curación periapical en imágenes radiológicas. Una revisión.

Interpretation of the state of healing of chronic apical periodontitis or apical curettage with apicoectomy in radiological images is based on the analysis of changes in the appearance of the periapical area and in the bone structure adjacent to the site of inflammation or surgical intervention, which are projected onto normal bone structures. However, distortion of structures or the superposition of anatomical images should be considered when interpreting radiographs. We compared conventional studies of evaluation of the periapical area following treatment, together with 2D images, with the periapical index and the criteria of evaluation in both successful and unsuccessful cases of endodontic surgical treatment. Some studies have reported that the radiographic appearance of the tooth crown and root may facilitate interpretation of the periapical area. In addition, cone-beam computed tomography can show the relationship between injured and repairing tissue using buccal and lingual tables to measure the periphery in transverse reconstruction. Indeed, complex biological events and mechanisms can occur during the healing process of periapical and root tissues. Knowledge of the diversity of tissues is essential to identify the dynamics of the signs of regeneration or the presence of healing due to repair. Hence, the aim of this article was to identify the criteria used to interpret periapical healing in two-dimensional or three-dimensional images and their relationship with diagnosis and treatment according to the literature currently available.

[Importance of cone beam computed tomography in the recognition of the trajectory and anatomical variants of the mandibular canal. A review of the literature]. / Importancia de la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico en el reconocimiento de la trayectoria y sus variantes anatómicas del canal mandibular. Una revisión de la literatura.

The objective of this study was to provide an updated review of the literature on the importance of the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the recognition of the trajectory and variants of the mandibular canal (MCV).CBCT allows obtaining high quality images and visualization with an accuracy of approximately 94%, compared to 53% with periapical intraoral radiography (RIP) and 17% with panoramic extraoral radiography (REP), making CBCT an important diagnostic tool.The incidences of MCV in CBCT studies were between 1.3% and 69%, with differences between patients of different ethnic origins and within the same ethnic population, and in the types and configurations of MCV within each ethnic group. The studies available in the literature provide a histological description of the content of MCV. The presence of nerve and artery bundles of different calibers suggests that patients present clinical symptoms only if the neurovascular bundle reaches a certain size and number of fascicles. This review provides a description of the different classifications available and updated with CBCT.

[Imaging features of osteomyelitis of the jaws with different diagnostic methods. A review]. / Características imagenológicas de la osteomielitis de los maxilares evaluada con diferentes métodos diagnósticos. Una revisión.

Osteomyelitis of the jaws (OM) is an infectious pathology involving the bone marrow. It is due to various etiologies, the main one being odontogenic. The diagnosis of OM is a challenge for dentists, who must rely on clinical and imaging examinations. Panoramic radiography is the most frequently used imaging test, but it has some limitations that have improved with the incorporation of new imaging methods such as computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and bone scintigraphy with radionuclides. The purpose of this review was to describe the imaging characteristics of OM of the jaws according to the radiological diagnostic methods available in the literature in order to provide radiologisst with greater knowledge and improve reporting in daily practice.

Imaging studies used as aid in the diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia. A review.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), also known as Marie-Sainton syndrome, is a rare disorder of autosomal dominant type that presents specific characteristics at the skeletal and dental level. The diagnosis of CCD is based on clinical and radiographic findings. Panoramic, cephalometric and anterior poster radiographs have been used for its diagnosis in dentistry. However, these radiological techniques have limitations, and advances in technology with new imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound have emerged, contributing to the diagnosis of CCD. Therefore, the aim of this review was to identify and describe current imaging studies that contribute to both the diagnosis and adequate and efficient treatment planning of CCD, and describe the clinical and radiographic characteristics of patients with this syndrome.

La displasia cleidocraneal (DCC), también conocida como síndrome de Marie-Sainton, es un trastorno poco común de tipo autosómico dominante, que presenta características específicas a nivel esquelético y dental. El diagnóstico de DCC se basa en hallazgos clínicos y radiográficos. Las radiografías panorámicas, cefalométricas y posteroanteriores se han utilizado para su diagnóstico en el área de la odontología, pero con los avances de la tecnología y debido a las limitaciones de estas técnicas radiológicas han surgido nuevos estudios de imagen como la resonancia magnética (RM) y la ecografía, que contribuyen al diagnóstico de DCC. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta revisión fue identificar y describir los estudios de imagen actuales que aportan tanto al diagnóstico como a la planificación del tratamiento adecuado y eficiente de la DCC, y permiten describir las características clínicas y radiográficas de los pacientes con este síndrome.

Variantes anatómicas en el seno maxilar en individuos de Guatemala. Un estudio en TCHC / Anatomical variants in the maxillary sinus in individuals from Guatemala. A study of CBCT

Objetivo: Determinar las variantes anatómicas más frecuentes del seno maxilar mediante la evaluación de tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico (TCHC) en individuos de una población de Guatemala que acudieron al Centro Radiológico DISA en el periodo 2013-2018. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se evaluaron 217 TCHC para un total de 434 senos maxilares, a fin de determinar la frecuencia de las variantes anatómicas: la presencia de neumatización del seno maxilar y su clasificación y tabiques sinusales, asociándolas con sexo y la condición dental del paciente. Las mediciones fueron realizadas por un investigador entrenado y calibrado, utilizando el software Carestream CS 3D. Se utilizó la prueba Chi cuadrado para determinar las asociaciones entre variables (p < 0,05). Resultados: La frecuencia de neumatización del seno maxilar fue del 79,3% y se estableció la clase II como la más prevalente con un 53,5%. La distribución y frecuencia de los tabiques intrasinusales se observó en 136 senos maxilares (31,4%), los tabiques incompletos se presentaron con mayor frecuencia (18,4%), en dirección coronal en un 27,2%, ubicados en la región media del piso del seno maxilar en un 14,50%; la formación de tabiques primarios se presentó en un 13,1% y con presentación única en un 28,4%. Se encontró asociación entre la clase de neumatización y el sexo del paciente, y entre formación de tabiques primarios y condición dental del paciente (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Las variantes anatómicas más prevalentes en el seno maxilar son la neumatización del piso del seno y la presencia de tabiques sinusales; estas se observaron con mayor frecuencia en pacientes del sexo femenino y con condición parcialmente dentados. (AU)

Objective: To determine the most frequent anatomical variants of the maxillary sinus by evaluation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Guatemalan population attending the DISA Radiological Center in the period 2013-2018. Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. 217 CBCT was performed in a total of 434 maxillary sinuses, determining the frequency of anatomical variants, the presence of pneumatization of the maxillary sinus and their classification and sinus septa in association with sex and the dental condition of the patient. Measurements were made by a trained and calibrated researcher, using Carestream CS 3D software. The Chi-square test was used to determine associations among variables (p<0.05). Results: The frequency of pneumatization of the maxillary sinus was 79.2%, with class II being the most prevalent with 53.5%. The distribution and frequency of intrasinusal septa was observed in 136 maxillary sinuses (31.3%). Incomplete septa appeared more frequently (18.4%), being in a coronal direction in 27.1%, and located in the middle region of the maxillary sinus floor in 14.5%. The formation of primary partitions was presented in 13.1% and with a single presentation in 28.4%. An association was found between the class of pneumatization and the sex of the patient and between the formation of primary septa and the dental condition of the patient (p<0.05). Conclusions: The most prevalent anatomical variants in the maxillary sinus are pneumatization of the sinus floor and the presence of sinus septa, which were more frequently observed in female patients with partially dentate conditions. (AU)

Los restos de Malassez, vida y destino en los tejidos odontogénicos. Una revisión de la literatura / The remains of Malassez life and fate in the odontogenic tissues. A review of the kiterature

Los restos epiteliales de Malassez son células que se encuentran alrededor de las raíces de las piezas dentarias y forman parte de los tejidos del ligamento periodontal, donde se disponen en forma de red. Las funciones que desempeñan no son muy específicas; sin embargo, se demostró su participación en el mantenimiento del espacio del ligamento periodontal, la regeneración del tejido periodontal, la regeneración del cemento, entre otros. Además, tienen capacidad de diferenciarse en otros linajes celulares, lo que demuestra su capacidad como células madres, y el papel más conocido que tienen es su participación y proliferación en la formación de diversas patologías, como quistes y tumores odontogénicos. (AU)

Epithelial rests of Malassez are cells that are arranged in a network located around the roots of the teeth forming part of the periodontal ligament tissues. The functions that these cells perform are not very specific, however, they have shown to participate in the maintenance of the periodontal ligament space, regeneration of periodontal tissue, including cement regeneration among others. In addition, they are able to differentiate into other cell lineages, thereby demonstrating their capacity as stem cells. These cells are best known for their role in the participation and proliferation of the formation of different pathologies, such as cysts and odontogenic tumors. (AU)

Isolation of chitosan from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom for biomedical applications.

Chitin biopolymer production and its by-product chitosan show great potential. These biomaterials have great applicability in various fields because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and have antimicrobial effects. The most common source of chitin and chitosan is the crustaceous shell; however, mushrooms are an alternative source for isolating these biopolymers because their cellular wall has a high content of chitin, which may be transformed into chitosan through a deacetylation reaction. The main objective of this research was to obtain chitosan through the deacetylation of chitin isolated from the Ganoderma lucidum basidiomycetes mushroom, which is obtained through biotechnological culture. The material characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and an evaluation of cytotoxicity comparing the results obtained with results for commercial chitosan. Protocol results showed that chitosan obtained from this mushroom had a significant similitude with commercial chitosan, yet the one obtained using P2 protocol was the one that rendered the best results: including diffractogram peaks, characteristic infrared analysis bands, and an 80.29 % degree of deacetylation. Cytotoxicity in vitro testing showed that the material was non-toxic; furthermore, it rendered very promising information regarding the evaluation of future applications of this biomaterial in the field of biomedicine.

Comparison of extraction methods of chitin from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom obtained in submerged culture.

The chitin was isolated from the Ganoderma lucidum submerged cultures mycelium as potential source of chitin under biotechnological processes. The extraction of chitin was carried out through 5 different assays which involved mainly three phases: pulverization of the mushroom, deproteinization of the mycelia with NaOH solution, and a process of decolorization with potassium permanganate and oxalic acid. The chitin contents extracted from 9-day mycelia were 413, 339, 87, 78, and 144 mg/g(-1) (milligrams of chitin/grams of dry biomass) for A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5, respectively. Obtained chitin was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and by thermal analysis (TGA). The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum chitin has similar characteristic of chitin from different fonts. The advantage of the biotechnological processes and the fact that Ganoderma lucidum fungus may be used as a potential raw material for chitin production were demonstrated.

Assessing impulsivity in prepubertal male rats: a novel device and method to assess motor and cognitive impulsivity.

The use of animal models in studies of impulsivity has made valuable contributions to our understanding of this behavioral trait as it relates to disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The objective of this work was to develop a paradigm that would make it possible to evaluate both motor and cognitive impulsivity using the same device after a short training period. The operant behavior demanded in this device consists in having rats cross a bridge after receiving a signal to obtain a reward that is available on a goal platform in a Wait-to-Go-signal task, or in crossing a bridge after the animals make a choice between two alternatives in a Delay-discounting task. To test this device and method, a study was conducted using an animal model of dopaminergic dysfunction produced by prenatal alcohol treatment (which has been shown to cause attention deficits and alterations of impulsivity in adult rats). Compared with controls, prepubertal male rats treated prenatally with alcohol showed both higher cognitive and higher motor impulsivity as assessed by the parameters used. Although attention changes proved not to be dependent on prenatal treatment, they were sensitive to the task performed. The device and methods introduced herein thus constitute useful instruments for evaluating impulsivity. Their significant advantages include a short investment in training time, and the ability to assess different types of impulsivity from the vantage point of distinct theoretical perspectives.

PRODUCCIÓN DE MATRICES DE QUITOSANO EXTRAÍDO DE CRUSTÁCEOS / PRODUCTION OF SCAFFOLDS USING CHITOSAN EXTRACTED FROM CRUSTACEANS

El quitosano está presente en el caparazón de los crustáceos, y desde hace algún tiempo ha sido utilizado en el campo de la medicina y la ingeniería de tejidos para la fabricación de matrices de crecimiento celular. En este estudio se extrajo quitosano de caparazón de crustáceos y se propuso un método sencillo para fabricar matrices con microestructura controlada. Las matrices fueron preparadas por congelación y liofilización de soluciones de quitosano y luego fueron caracterizadas por microscopía electrónica de barrido. La difracción de rayos X del quitosano extraído mostró un espectro acorde con una fuente comercial del material, evidenciando la efectividad del protocolo de extracción. La microscopía mostró poros ovalados y circulares distribuidos en todo el volumen de las muestras, con diámetros de poros entre 100 µm y 150 µm. Lo anterior demuestra que el método de producción propuesto proporciona un punto de partida para la fabricación de matrices de crecimiento celular.

Chitosan is present in crustacean shells and it has been used in the fields of medicine and tissue engineering for the construction of scaffolds that support cell growth. In this study, chitosan was extracted from crustacean shells and processed into scaffolds with controlled microstructure using a simple processing method presented herein. The scaffolds were prepared by freezing and lyophilization of chitosan solutions and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed a chitosan with an X-ray diffraction spectrum similar to that of a commercial chitosan, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the extraction protocol. Microscopy showed oval and circular pores distributed on the bulk sample, with pore diameters between 100 µm and 150 µm. This shows that the proposed fabrication method provides a starting point for the construction of porous scaffolds that may support cell growth.

Comparación del crecimiento de Malassezia furfur y Malassezia slooffiae en los medios del exudado gomoso de spondias dulcis y dixon / Comparison of the growth of Malassezia furfur and Malassezia slooffiae on spondias dulcis gum exudate and dixon media

Las levaduras del género Malassezia son hongos que producen afecciones en la piel. El desarrollo de estos microorganismos requiere condiciones especiales. El medio Dixon es generalmente usado para su cultivo. Se ensayo el exudado gomoso de Spondias dulcis como sustrato para Malassezia furfur y Malassezia slooffiae en comparación con el medio Dixon. Se determino la cinética de crecimiento a un determinado rango de tiempo (0-120h), a diferentes concentraciones (1,2 por ciento) y pH (4,0;6,0;7,0). La relativa alta biomasa obtenida para las dos levaduras probadas demostró que el sustrato preparado con el exudado gomoso de S. dulcis es adecuado para su desarrollo. Spondias dulcis especie localizada en Venezuela produce abundante goma. Este hecho, y los resultados obtenidos podría ser útil para preparar un nuevo sustrato que pueda competir con Dixon para el aislamiento y la caracterización de especies de Malassezia.

Malassezia yeasts are fungi that produce skin affections. Growth of these microorganisms requires specific conditions. The Dixon medium has generally been used for their culture and has been tested. The use of Spondias gum as a substrate for Malassezia furfur and Malassezia slooffiae was tried and compared with the Dixon medium. The growth kinetic for a given time range(0-120 h) was determined at different concentrations (1.2 percent) and pH levels (4,0; 6,0;7,0). The relatively high biomass obtained for the two tested yeasts demonstrated that the substrate prepared with S. dulcis gum exudate is suitable for their growth. Spondias dulcis, a species located in Venezuela, yields abundant gum. This fact and the results discussed above indicate that it could be used to prepare a substrate that could compete with Dixon for isolating and characterizing the Malassezia species.

Hallazgos histopatológicos del capuchón pericoronario de dientes incluidos / Histopathologic findings of dental follicle in impacted tooth

El presente estudio es de carácter descriptivo, en el que se describen los hallazgos histopatológicos de los capuchones pericoronarios de dientes incluidos. METODO: se tomaron 100 folículos dentales de dientes impactados, pertenecientes a pacientes de la clínica de cirugía de la facultad de odontología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad (en rangos de 17-a 24 años y mayores de 24 años), género /masculino y femenino), ubicación (maxilar inferior y superior) e imagen radiográfica (de 1mm, 2-4mm, mayor de 5mm o sin imagen radiográfica) RESULTADOS: de las 100 muestras recolectadas, 52 pertenecían a mujeres y 48 a hombres, obteniendo los siguientes resultados: el diagnostico que se presento en mayor proporción fue el del folículo dental normal en un 79/100 en mujeres y en un 58/100 en hombres, seguido por el diagnóstico de quiste dentígero en un 19/100 en mujeres y 49 en hombres tanto el diagnostico de folículo dental normal como el de quiste dentígero, se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en el rango de edad de 17 a 24 años; en cuanto ala ubicación, el folículo dental normal no mostró diferencias significativas entre varios maxilares; el quiste dentígero se observó en mayor proporción en el maxilar inferior; finalmente no se encontró una relación significativa en la aparición de cambios histopatológicos del capuchón pericoronario y el aumento de la imagen radiográfica medida en milímetros.