ABSTRACT
Resumen Una de las principales necesidades de los seres humanos, relacionada con su alimentación, es la ingesta de proteínas de alta calidad. La producción de dicho nutriente, a nivel mundial, cada vez es más escasa y costosa. En este trabajo se evaluó sensorialmente la inclusión de proteína aportada por harina de lombriz roja californiana HLRC (Eisenia foetida) en salchichas elaboradas a partir de surimi de tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp.). En una formulación previamente establecida, con inclusión de carne de res y cerdo, se sustituyeron proporciones definidas de estas carnes por la harina de lombriz. Fueron evaluados cinco tratamientos, en los cuales se remplazó respectivamente el 4, 8, 12, 16 y 20% de proteína cárnica por igual proporción en proteína aportada por la harina de lombriz roja californiana, y un tratamiento control sin adición de HLRC. Se realizó una evaluación sensorial con base en pruebas afectivas que incluyeron las de grado de satisfacción, las de preferencia y las de aceptación, con jueces no entrenados haciendo el respectivo análisis estadístico. Los resultados del análisis sensorial mostraron que la salchicha de mayor aceptación fue aquella con inclusión del 4% seguida de aquella con adición del 8% de HLRC. A pesar de que la harina de lombriz es un producto novedoso y su uso no es común en la gastronomía colombiana, su aceptación por los degustadores fue del 78% del total de los encuestados. Esta proteína adicionada a las salchichas de tilapia roja puede ser considerada como fuente de alimentación proteica para la población colombiana.
Abstract High quality protein intake represents one of humans' main needs, related to their feeding habits; this nutrient's production worldwide is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. This work was thus involved a sensory evaluation of including protein from Californian red earthworm (Eisenia foetida) flour (CREF) in sausages made from red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) surimi (fish paste/gel). Defined proportions of beef and pork were replaced by CREF in a previously-established formulation. Five treatments involving replacing 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% meat protein by equal amounts of CREF were evaluated; a treatment control involved not adding CREF. Sensory evaluation was based on affective tests, which included rating degree of satisfaction, preference and acceptance; untrained evaluators were used and a statistical analysis was made of the results. Sensory evaluation revealed that the sausage which included 4% CREF had the widest acceptance, followed by that having 8% CREF. In spite of earthworm flour being a novel product and not being commonly used in Colombian gastronomy, it had 78% acceptance by the tasters involved in this study. CREF added to red tilapia sausages can be considerad a source of protein food for the Colombian population.
Resumo Uma das principais necessidades dos seres humanos, relacionada à sua dieta, é a ingestão de proteínas de alta qualidade. A produção deste nutriente, em todo o mundo, é cada vez mais escassa e dispendiosa. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada em forma sensorial a inclusão de proteína de farinha de minhoca vermelho californiana HLRC (Eisenia foetida) em salsichas feitas de surimi de tilápia vermelha (Oreochromis sp.). Em uma formulação previamente estabelecida, incluindo carne de boi e suína, foram substituídas em proporções definidas essas carnes por farinha de minhoca. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos, com 4, 8, 12, 16 e 20% de proteína de carne substituídos por uma proporção igual em proteínas contribuídas pela farinha de minhoca vermelha californiana e um tratamento de controle sem adição de HLRC.Foi realizada avaliação sensorial com base em testes afetivos que incluíram o grau de satisfação, preferência e aceitação, com juízes não treinados fazendo a respectiva análise estatística. Os resultados da análise sensorial mostraram que a salsicha mais aceita foi à inclusão de 4%, seguida de uma adição de 8% de HLRC. Embora a farinha de minhoca seja um produto inovador e seu uso não seja comum na gastronomia colombiana, a aceitação por provadores foi de 78% de todos os entrevistados. Esta proteína adicionada às salsichas de tilápia vermelha pode ser considerada como uma fonte de proteína para a população colombiana.
ABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects multiple organs and systems, severely involving the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of endothelial dysfunction with (13)N-ammonia PET in asymptomatic SLE patients. METHODS: We enrolled 16 women with SLE and 16 healthy women. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was quantified in a 64-slice PET/CT scanner at rest, during a cold pressor test (CPT), and during stress. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation index, %ΔMBF, and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) were calculated. RESULTS: There were 16 women in the SLE group (mean age ± SD, 31.4 ± 8.3 y) and 16 women in the healthy control group (31.5 ± 11.1 y). Mean endothelium-dependent vasodilatation index and %ΔMBF were significantly lower in SLE patients (1.18 ± 0.55 vs. 1.63 ± 0.65, P = 0.04, and 18 ± 55 vs. 63 ± 65, P = 0.04, respectively). MFR was also lower in the SLE group (2.41 ± 0.59 vs. 2.73 ± 0.77, P = 0.20). CONCLUSION: SLE patients who are free of active disease present abnormal coronary flow and endothelial dysfunction. It is necessary to develop and intensify treatment strategies directed to CAD in SLE patients.
Subject(s)
Ammonia , Endothelium, Vascular/diagnostic imaging , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnostic imaging , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/physiopathology , Radiopharmaceuticals , Adult , Cold Temperature , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Coronary Artery Disease/pathology , Coronary Circulation/physiology , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Female , Hemodynamics/physiology , Humans , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism , Nitrogen Radioisotopes , Positron-Emission Tomography , Pressure , Stress, Psychological/physiopathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemias constitute an independent risk factor for the development of atherogenesis and they also predispose to the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED). Using PET with (13)N-ammonia, it is possible to quantify myocardial blood flow (MBF) in mL/min/g and to quantitatively evaluate ED. With the use of lipid lowering therapy it is possible to reduce ED and increase the MBF and the endothelial-dependent vasodilation index (ENDEVI). In this study, we aimed to evaluate with (13)N-ammonia PET the benefic effects of the combined treatment ezetimibe/simvastatine on the endothelial function of dyslipidemic patients after 8 weeks of treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen consecutive patients with dyslipidemia diagnosis and 17 healthy volunteers were studied with a three phase [rest, Cold Pressor Test (CPT), and adenosine-induced hyperemia] (13)N-ammonia PET for MBF quantification assessment. A second PET study was performed in the dyslipidemic group after 8 weeks of treatment with ezetimibe/simvastatine (10/40 mg). Myocardial flow reserve (MFR), ENDEVI, and %ΔMBF were calculated. RESULTS: Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations were markedly altered in the dyslipidemic group and after 8 weeks of treatment these values improved. Dyslipidemic patients showed endothelial dysfunction when compared with the control group, (MFR 2.79 ± 0.94 vs 3.15 ± 0.48, P < 0.05 ; ENDEVI 1.28 ± 0.25 vs 1.53 ± 0.24, P < 0.05; and %ΔMBF 29.08 ± 24.62 vs 53 ± 24.60%, P < 0.05, respectively). After 8 weeks of treatment, we found a significant increase in all the endothelial function markers (MFR: 3.14 ± 0.86, P < 0.05, ENDEVI 1.65 ± 0.23, P < 0.05; %ΔMBF: 65.21 ± 23.43, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dyslipidemic patients show endothelial dysfunction measured with (13)N-ammonia PET. Treatment with ezetimibe/simvastatine was effective improving the lipid profile as well as the endothelial function of these patients. PET may be a useful tool to monitor vascular reactivity and regression/progression of coronary atherosclerosis after pharmacologic interventions.
