A new snouted treefrog (Anura, Hylidae, Scinax) from fluvial islands of the Juruena River, southern Brazilian Amazonia.

Southern Amazonia is one of the less-explored regions by anuran taxonomists. We describe a small new species of snouted treefrog, genus Scinax, from this region, from a fluvial archipelago in the Juruena River, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The description is based on external morphology of adults and tadpoles, advertisement call and molecular data. The species is phylogenetically related to other snouted treefrogs of the Scinax cruentomma species group and shows the most southeastern distribution in Amazonia among its close relatives. It is distinguished from congeners mainly by its larger adult body size and bilobate vocal sac that reaches the level of the pectoral fold, a reddish-brown horizontal stripe on the iris, dark melanophores or blotches on the vocal sac and the throat of females, and the uniformly brown posterior portion of the thigh. The advertisement call comprises one pulsed note emitted at regular intervals, with a duration of 189-227 ms, 30-35 pulses/note and a dominant frequency of 2,250-2,344 Hz. The type locality is suffering several environmental impacts, including illegal mining, overfishing, unsustainable agriculture, uncontrolled logging and degradation associated with the construction of new hydroelectric dams. Further study of the biology and regional distribution of the new species is required to propose mitigation measures needed for its conservation.

A New Species of Cosmocercoides (Ascaridida: Cosmocercidae) Parasitic in Tree Frogs from Southern Amazonia.

Cosmocercoides meridionalis n. sp. is described from the large and small intestines of 5 species of tree frogs belonging to the families Hylidae and Phyllomedusidae collected from 2 localities in Southern Amazonia. The new species is allocated to the genus Cosmocercoides Wilkie, 1930, due to the presence of papillae in rosettes, which are complex caudal papillae surrounded by punctuations. Cosmocercoides meridionalis n. sp. differs from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: the absence of the gubernaculum, the total length of the female (twice the size of the male), and the presence of 26 rosette papillae with a unique arrangement and distribution pattern: 11 pre-cloacal pairs, 1 ad-cloacal pair, and 1 post-cloacal pair. This is the first species of the genus described from the Amazonia region.

New records of the mites Geckobia bataviensis Vitzthum, 1926 and Pterygosoma dracoensis Jack, 1962 (Trombidiformes: Pterygosomatidae) from Timor-Leste

We report on the presence of scale mites (Trombidiformes: Pterygosomatidae) parasitizing three species of lizards in Timor-Leste. Geckobia bataviensis Vitzthum, 1926 was found associated with the Common House Gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril & Bibron, 1836, and the Indopacific Tree Gecko, Hemiphyllodactylus typus Bleeker, 1860, whereas Pterygosoma dracoensis Jack, 1962 was found on the patagia of a Timor Flying Dragon, Draco timoriensis Kuhl, 1820. The association of G. bataviensis with H. frenatus was well documented previously, but this is the first properly documented record of this mite for Timor-Leste. Our report of G. bataviensis on H. typus is the first association of this mite with this gecko. This is the second report of P. dracoensis on D. timoriensis and the first for Timor-Leste.

Cysts and larvae of Strongyluris: A parasite of amphibians and reptiles found in an urban population of Lissachatina fulica (Férussac, 1821) in southern Brazil.

We report the finding of cysts and larvae of Strongyluris in specimens of L. fulica from an urban area of the municipality of Maringá in northern Paraná State, southern Brazil. Thirty-seven young adult snails were collected at three sites: 15 in riparian forest; 14 in a vegetable garden; and eight in a residential garden. We found a total of 16 cysts with nematode larvae in three of the 15 snails collected in riparian forest. The parasites were identified as larvae of the genus Strongyluris, which are parasites of the gastrointestinal tract of amphibians and reptiles. Lissachatina fulica is established in urban areas of 33% of the municipalities of the state of Paraná. The species has spread rapidly through the urban area of the municipality of Maringá, which may contribute to the transmission of nematode larvae of medical and veterinary interest to humans and other animals.

How deadly sarcophagid fly larvae are for anurans? New interactions and review to Neotropical region.

Myiasis is defined as the infestation of living or necrotic tissues of vertebrates by dipteran larvae. In amphibians, it can be caused by fly larvae belonging to families Calliphoridae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. In this study, we report new records and infestation intensity of myiasis in anurans from two localities of the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil, and also present a list with myiasis caused by flesh fly Sarcophagidae species in anurans of the Neotropical region. For this, we surveyed anuran communities during two breeding seasons, examined for myiasis signs, and when positive collected the specimens. We found infested individuals of 13 anurans of seven species. Different Sarcophagidae larva morphotypes were collected, and two of them emerged as adult flies of Lepidodexia (Notochaeta) fumipennis and Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens, which were both found in the tree frog Bokermannohyla circumdata. We compiled 21 cases of myiasis in anurans in the Neotropical region from the literature reviewed. This data indicated that hosts of different lineages and modes of life can be affected and that death is often fast. The diversity of myiasis-causing flies in anurans in nature is probably a lot greater than expected, especially if we consider that the encounters are occasional, but at relatively high intensities, can cause rapid deaths.

Parasitism by larval tapeworms genus Spirometra in South American amphibians and reptiles: new records from Brazil and Uruguay, and a review of current knowledge in the region.

Spargana are plerocercoid larvae of cestode tapeworms of the genus Spirometra, Family Diphyllobothriidae, parasitic to frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals. This parasitic disease in humans can be transmitted through the use and consumption of amphibians and reptiles. The available knowledge about Spirometra in South America is scarce, and there are only a few reports on the occurrence of sparganum in amphibians and reptiles, many of them published in old papers not easily available to researchers. In this work we present a review on this topic, provide new records in two species of amphibians and 7 species of reptiles from Brazil and Uruguay respectively. We also summarize current knowledge of Spirometra in the continent, along with an updated of host taxonomy. We could gather from the literature a total of 15 studies about amphibian and reptile hosts, published between 1850 and 2016, corresponding to 43 case reports, mostly from Brazil (29) and Uruguay (8), Argentina (3), Peru (2), and Venezuela (1); the majority of them related to reptiles (five lizards and 26 snake species), and 14 corresponded to amphibians (9 anurans). Plerocercoid larvae were located in different organs of the hosts, such as subcutaneous tissue, coelomic cavity, peritoneum, and musculature. The importance of amphibians and reptiles in the transmission of the disease to humans in South America is discussed. Relevant issues to be studied in the near future are the taxonomic characterization of Spirometra in the region and the biological risk of reptile meat for aboriginal and other rural communities.