Selective Strength Training Changes the Morphology and Ankle Strength of the Peroneus Longus and the Peroneus Brevis.

This study aimed to investigate the 8-week selective training effect of the peroneus longus (PL) and the peroneus brevis (PB) on muscle morphology, echogenicity, and ankle strength and to examine post-intervention detraining effects. Twenty healthy participants without orthopedic disease in the lower extremities were assigned to either the PL intervention group (training consisted of pushing the Thera-Band® out from the ball of the foot to emphasize ankle eversion) or the PB intervention group (training consisted of pulling the Thera-Band® from the base of the fifth metatarsal to enhance ankle valgus and external rotation). Each intervention was performed three times per week for 8 weeks. The cross-sectional area (CSA), thickness, echogenicity, and ankle strength of the PL and the PB were measured before week 1 and after each training session. Detraining effects were evaluated after the 8-week intervention. The results revealed a significant interaction between within-group (week) and between-group (type of intervention) variables on CSA and ankle strength of both the PL and the PB. Over the 8-week training period, the CSA and ankle strength of the PL significantly increased in the PL intervention group, as did the CSA and ankle strength of the PB in the PB intervention group (p < 0.05). The residual effect of muscle hypertrophy was observed during the detraining period. In conclusion, 8-week selective PL and PB training interventions can increase the CSA and ankle strength of these muscles over time. Long-term selective intervention is required to improve peroneus muscle morphology and function, with separate assessments of the CSA and ankle strength of the PL and the PB.

A quantitative assessment of the anterior tibiofibular gap with and without weight-bearing in healthy adults: An ultrasound-based study.

BACKGROUND: Difficulties in the accurate evaluation of tibiofibular clear space in plain radiographs are diagnostic problems in the clinical setting of syndesmosis injury. This study aimed to quantify the anterior tibiofibular gap (ATFG) with weight-bearing using ultrasonography. METHODS: In total, 32 healthy adults (16 men and 16 women) with 64 feet participated in this cross-sectional study. The ATFG was measured along the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament for a US assessment conducted in both sitting and standing postures. The ankle joint was set on the tilt table at four different angles as follows: plantar flexion, 20° (P20); neutral position (N); dorsiflexion, 20° (D20); and dorsiflexion, 20°+ external rotation, 30° (D20ER30). The ankle joint position, sex, and side-to-side values were compared with and without weight-bearing. RESULTS: Under all ankle angle conditions, the ATFG was wider in the standing posture than in the sitting posture (p < 0.001). In both sitting and standing postures, the ATFG widened with increasing dorsiflexion angle, eventually reaching a maximum at D20ER30. The widening ratio (D20ER30/N) in the standing posture was higher in women than in men (p < 0.05). No statistical differences were identified side-to-side differences in the ATFG. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound measurements for identifying unphysiological increases in ATFG with weight bearing, especially given the side-to-side differences, may provide a means for quantitatively assessing syndesmosis injury in a clinical setting. Further research is warranted to clarify direct attribution as a clinical diagnostic utility of the ATFG measurements for syndesmosis injuries.

Effectiveness of Metaverse Space-Based Exercise Video Distribution in Young Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: In response to the serious lack of physical activity among young adults, recent attempts have been made to encourage young people to exercise through exercise video distribution. However, merely distributing videos does not lead to improved physical activity levels. Metaverse space, which enables web-based interaction through avatars, allows users to watch exercise videos in the same space as other avatars. OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether exercise video distribution using metaverse space is effective in improving physical activity levels, along with mental health and locomotive function, among young people. METHODS: In this parallel-group randomized controlled trial participants were recruited using printed poster displays. A total of 48 young adults aged between 18 and 30 years were assigned to 3 groups of 16 each: the metaverse, YouTube, and control group. To encourage exercise, the metaverse group was given an exercise video each week with a load of around 4-8 metabolic equivalents of tasks (METs) for 8 videos delivered in the metaverse space. The YouTube group was sent a URL on YouTube every week to view exercise videos with the same content as the metaverse group. The control group was given no special instructions. The intervention period was 8 weeks. Pre- and postintervention physical activity, well-being, locomotive syndrome risk tests, and social capital were measured. Although this study was not blinded to the participants, the measurers did not know to which group the participants belonged. Mixed model repeated-measures analyses and a post hoc Wilcoxon signed rank sum test were performed to detect the effects of the intervention in all groups. RESULTS: The results of the mixed model repeated-measures analyses showed a significant interaction between groups and before and after the intervention for total physical activity (metaverse group: pre 737.1, SD 609.5 METs/week, post 1575.4, SD 1071.8 METs/week; YouTube group: pre 661.7, SD 710.7 METs/week, post 911.9, SD 1103.3 METs/week; and control group: pre 930.6, SD 665.1 METs/week, post 844.7, SD 701.8 METs/week; P=.04) but none for the indicators of well-being (P=.40), locomotive function scale (P=.17), and social capital (P=.23). A post hoc test showed a significant increase in physical activity in the metaverse group before and after the intervention (P=.006). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show that delivering exercise videos through metaverse space can increase physical activity in young adults by providing a gathering space for individuals similarly motivated for exercise practice. This way, the sense of isolation during exercise is reduced compared with merely distributing videos on YouTube. The use of metaverse space in health promotion is likely to spread, and this study provides a useful reference for its exploration. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06019156; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT06019156.

Acute Effects of Selective Strength Exercise on the Peroneus Longus and Brevis.

The peroneus muscles are muscles that mainly act in ankle eversion and can be divided into PL and PB, which have different but important roles in foot and ankle functions. Therefore, PL and PB dysfunction can lead to foot and ankle issues, making. selective strength exercise necessary. This study aimed to identify the effect of two different exercise techniques on PL and PB morphologies. Two interventions were performed on separate days: the PL intervention, in which a Thera-Band® was placed on the ball of the foot and pushed out from the contact point, and the PB intervention, in which the Thera-Band® was pulled from the base of the fifth metatarsal. Cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness of the peroneus muscles at 25% (showing the PL morphology) and 75% (showing the PB morphology) proximal to the line connecting the fibular head and lateral malleolus, as well as ankle strength was measured before and immediately after the interventions and at 10, 20, and 30 min later. A repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance was conducted to identify differences in the effects of the interventions on the PL and PB. Main and interaction effects on CSA, thickness, and ankle strength, with a significant increase in CSA and thickness in the proximal 25% in the PL intervention and the distal 75% in the PB intervention immediately after implementation, were observed (p < 0.05). The transient increase in muscle volume due to edema immediately after exercise indicates the acute effect of exercise. The CSA and thickness of the proximal 25% in the PL intervention and the distal 75% in the PB intervention increased immediately after the intervention, indicating that these interventions can be used to selectively exercise the PL and PB.

Quality of life by dysmenorrhea severity in young and adult Japanese females: A web-based cross-sectional study.

Dysmenorrhea is a monthly menstrual pain that can limit a woman's quality of life (QOL). The relationship between dysmenorrhea severity and QOL has been reported in several countries; however, the results cannot be generalized because lifestyle and cultural background affect menstrual pain. This study sought to uncover whether 1) different factors, such as emotions and ways of coping with symptoms, vary with the severity of dysmenorrhea and 2) the severity of dysmenorrhea ultimately affects QOL in Japan. A web-based cross-sectional survey was sent to 1000 Japanese females aged 16-30 years. The respondents were divided into two groups: those without dysmenorrhea (n = 24) and those with dysmenorrhea (n = 471). The severity of dysmenorrhea was classified using the Numerical Rating Scale as either mild (1-3), moderate (4-7), or severe (8-10). In total, 156 respondents reported mild dysmenorrhea, 249 reported moderate dysmenorrhea, and 66 reported severe dysmenorrhea. QOL was measured using the 26-item World Health Organization Quality of Life scale. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare QOL across different levels of dysmenorrhea severity, depending on normality. Ultimately, significant differences in QOL scores (p<0.001) were observed based on dysmenorrhea severity, with respondents with severe dysmenorrhea reporting the lowest QOL scores. Meanwhile, significant differences were observed in the physical, psychological, and environmental subscales (p<0.001, p<0.001, p = 0.019) across respondents with different levels of dysmenorrhea severity; notably, respondents with severe dysmenorrhea demonstrated a negative spiral of chronic pain, which may significantly impact QOL, and, relatedly, a relatively low psychological QOL. This study is the first to show the relationship between dysmenorrhea severity and QOL in Japanese females, who are more likely to experience negative feelings during menstruation.