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1.
Med Care Res Rev ; 75(4): 516-524, 2018 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29148334

ABSTRACT

We compared new Medicaid enrollees with similar ongoing enrollees for evidence of pent-up demand using claims data following Minnesota's 2014 Medicaid expansion. We hypothesized that if new enrollees had pent-up demand, utilization would decline over time as testing and disease management plans are put in place. Consistent with pent-up demand among new enrollees, the probability of an office visit, a new patient office visit, and an emergency department visit declines over time for new enrollees relative to ongoing Medicaid enrollees. The pattern of utilization suggests that the newly insured are connecting with primary care after the 2014 Medicaid expansion and, unlike ongoing Medicaid enrollees; the newly insured have a declining reliance on the emergency department over time.


Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Health Services Needs and Demand/organization & administration , Health Services Needs and Demand/statistics & numerical data , Medicaid/organization & administration , Medicaid/statistics & numerical data , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Minnesota , United States
2.
J Soc Psychol ; 154(4): 311-22, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25154115

ABSTRACT

Theories of self-regulation emphasize the special role that the symbolic self may play in approach and avoidance movements, but experimental evidence is lacking. In two experiments (total N = 157), participants moved either a self-relevant (e.g., "me") or non-self (e.g., "not me") agent to one of two locations, one occupied by a positive word and the other occupied by a negative word. In both experiments, the movement agent interacted with the destination valence such that it was only the symbolic self that moved more quickly to positive rather than negative locations. These results established a role for the symbolic self in approach/avoidance that had been questioned, thereby supporting both classic and contemporary self-related theories of approach and avoidance.


Subject(s)
Avoidance Learning , Games, Experimental , Reaction Time , Self Concept , Social Identification , Symbolism , Choice Behavior , Female , Humans , Male , Orientation , Psychomotor Performance , Young Adult
3.
Psychol Health ; 29(7): 781-95, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24460477

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine an executive control difficulty perspective on individual differences in cortisol reactivity using a daily protocol. DESIGN: Fifty participants competed a laboratory stressor task and individual differences in cortisol reactivity were quantified. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily attentional control, conflicting thoughts, error reactivity, worry and mindfulness were assessed. RESULTS: The findings support the idea that as cortisol responses to stress get larger (as an individual difference), attentional control ceases to function as it should in terms of variables that should predict (mindfulness) and follow from (e.g. worry) it. CONCLUSION: The findings support the idea that individual differences in cortisol reactivity can be conceptualised in terms of ineffectual attentional control.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Individuality , Stress, Psychological/metabolism , Anxiety/metabolism , Executive Function/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Mindfulness , Saliva/metabolism , Thinking/physiology
4.
Motiv Emot ; 37(1): 33-38, 2013 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23869114

ABSTRACT

The two hemispheres of the brain appear to play different roles in emotion and/or motivation. A great deal of previous research has examined the valence hypothesis (left hemisphere = positive; right = negative), but an increasing body of work has supported the motivational hypothesis (left hemisphere = approach; right = avoidance) as an alternative. The present investigation (N = 117) sought to provide novel support for the latter perspective. Left versus right hemispheres were briefly activated by neutral lateralized auditory primes. Subsequently, participants categorized approach versus avoidance words as quickly and accurately as possible. Performance in the task revealed that approach-related thoughts were more accessible following left-hemispheric activation, whereas avoidance-related thoughts were more accessible following right-hemispheric activation. The present results are the first to examine such lateralized differences in accessible motivational thoughts, which may underlie more "downstream" manifestations of approach and avoidance motivation such as judgments, decision making, and behavior.

5.
Cognit Ther Res ; 37(2): 412-418, 2013 Apr 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23687398

ABSTRACT

Several theories of psychopathy link it to an egocentric mode of perceiving the world. This explanatory perspective is quite plausible given that psychopaths are viewed as callous, uncaring, and narcissistic. This explanatory perspective, though, has been an insufficient focus of research, particularly in basic cognitive tasks. Building on the work of Wapner and Werner (1957), an implicit measure of cognitive egocentrism was developed. Continuous variations in primary and secondary psychopathy were assessed in a sample of college undergraduates (N = 80). Individuals high in primary psychopathy exhibited cognitive egocentrism, whereas individuals low in primary psychopathy did not. On the other hand, variations in secondary psychopathy were non-predictive of performance in the task. Results are discussed in terms of theories of psychopathy, distinctions between its primary and secondary components, and the utility of modeling egocentrism in basic cognitive terms.

6.
J Res Pers ; 41(7): 90-96, 2013 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23564985

ABSTRACT

Warmth-coldness is a fundamental dimension of social behavior. Cold individuals are egocentric in their social relations, whereas warm individuals are not. Previous theorizing suggests that cognitive egocentrism underlies social egocentrism. It was hypothesized that higher levels of interpersonal coldness would predict greater cognitive egocentrism. Cognitive egocentrism was assessed in basic terms through tasks wherein priming a lateralized self-state biased subsequent visual perceptions in an assimilation-related manner. Such effects reflect a tendency to assume that the self's incidental state provides meaningful information concerning the external world. Cognitive egocentrism was evident at high, but not low, levels of interpersonal coldness. The findings reveal a basic difference between warm and cold people, encouraging future research linking cognitive egocentrism to variability in relationship functioning.

7.
J Pers Soc Psychol ; 104(5): 907-20, 2013 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23527850

ABSTRACT

Several theories and self-reported sources of data link individual differences in negative affectivity to avoidance motivation. Chronic avoidance motivation, through repeated practice, may result in a relatively cognitive distance-enhancing dynamic whereby events and stimuli are perceived as further away from the self, even when they are not threatening. Such predictions are novel but follow from cybernetic theories of self-regulation. In 5 studies (total N = 463), relations of this type were investigated. Study 1 presented participants with phrases that were ambiguous and found that trait negative affect predicted phrase interpretation in a distance-enhancing temporal direction. Study 2 replicated this effect across a systematic manipulation of event valence. Study 3 asked individuals to estimate the size of words and found that individuals higher in neuroticism generally perceived words to be smaller than did individuals lower in neuroticism. In Study 4, people high (but not low) in neuroticism perceived words to be shrinking faster than they were growing. In Study 5, greater perceptual distancing, in a font size estimation task, predicted more adverse reactions to negative events in daily life. Although normative effects varied across studies, consistent support for a chronic distancing perspective of individual differences in negative affectivity was found.


Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Affect , Distance Perception , Emotions , Female , Humans , Judgment , Male , Motivation , Neuroticism , Psychological Tests , Size Perception , Social Perception , Time Perception , Young Adult
8.
Cogn Emot ; 27(3): 453-64, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22989107

ABSTRACT

It was hypothesised that affect-amplifying individuals would be more reactive to affective events in daily life. Affect amplification was quantified in terms of overestimating the font size of positive and negative, relative to neutral, words in a basic perception task. Subsequently, the same (N=70) individuals completed a daily diary protocol in which they reported on levels of daily stressors, provocations, and social support as well as six emotion-related outcomes for 14 consecutive days. Individual differences in affect amplification moderated reactivity to daily affective events in all such analyses. For example, daily stressor levels predicted cognitive failures at high, but not low, levels of affect amplification. Affect amplification, then, appears to have widespread utility in understanding individual differences in emotional reactivity.


Subject(s)
Affect , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Visual Perception , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Female , Humans , Individuality , Male , Neuroticism , Photic Stimulation , Social Support
9.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull ; 38(7): 858-69, 2012 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22399360

ABSTRACT

Self-reports of approach motivation are unlikely to be sufficient in understanding the extent to which the individual reacts to appetitive cues in an approach-related manner. A novel implicit probe of approach tendencies was thus developed, one that assessed the extent to which positive affective (versus neutral) stimuli primed larger size estimates, as larger perceptual sizes co-occur with locomotion toward objects in the environment. In two studies (total N = 150), self-reports of approach motivation interacted with this implicit probe of approach motivation to predict individual differences in arrogance, a broad interpersonal dimension previously linked to narcissism, antisocial personality tendencies, and aggression. The results of the two studies were highly parallel in that self-reported levels of approach motivation predicted interpersonal arrogance in the particular context of high, but not low, levels of implicit approach motivation. Implications for understanding approach motivation, implicit probes of it, and problematic approach-related outcomes are discussed.


Subject(s)
Cues , Interpersonal Relations , Motivation , Narcissism , Social Behavior , Adult , Aggression , Female , Humans , Individuality , Male , Predictive Value of Tests , Psychological Theory , Self Report , Young Adult
10.
Emotion ; 12(1): 91-101, 2012 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21875189

ABSTRACT

Four experiments (total N = 391) examined predictions derived from a biologically based incentive salience theory of approach motivation. In all experiments, judgments indicative of enhanced perceptual salience were exaggerated in the context of positive, relative to neutral or negative, stimuli. In Experiments 1 and 2, positive words were judged to be of a larger size (Experiment 1) and led individuals to judge subsequently presented neutral objects as larger in size (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, similar effects were observed in a mock subliminal presentation paradigm. In Experiment 4, positive word primes were perceived to have been presented for a longer duration of time, again relative to both neutral and negative word primes. Results are discussed in relation to theories of approach motivation, affective priming, and the motivation-perception interface.


Subject(s)
Affect/physiology , Motivation/physiology , Size Perception/physiology , Adult , Humans , Judgment/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Psycholinguistics/methods , Young Adult
11.
J Pers ; 80(2): 255-85, 2012 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21299556

ABSTRACT

Dispositional variations in mindfulness and its facets have garnered considerable recent interest in the clinical and personality literatures. Theoretically, high mindful individuals have been characterized as more attuned to momentary sensations and perceptions and/or better able to execute behavior in a controlled manner, yet data of this relatively cognitive type have not been reported. In addition, perceptual attunement and executive control are distinct skills that may underlie, or at least correlate with, distinct facets of mindfulness. In 3 studies involving college students (N = 297), support for the latter idea was found. Individuals high in the observing (but not nonreactivity) facet of mindfulness demonstrated superior perceptual abilities in visual working memory (Study 1) and temporal order (Study 2) tasks. On the other hand, individuals high in the nonreactivity (but not observing) facet of mindfulness exhibited greater cognitive control flexibility (Study 3). Implications for understanding the cognitive basis of mindfulness facets are discussed.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Character , Cognition , Memory/physiology , Self Concept , Task Performance and Analysis , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Pattern Recognition, Visual , Young Adult
12.
Cogn Emot ; 25(2): 307-27, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21432673

ABSTRACT

Mental noise can be defined as less reliable information processing. Individuals with high levels of mental noise are thought to be disadvantaged in cognitive, emotional, and behavioural realms. The present five studies (total N=298) investigated such potential disadvantages among normally functioning college undergraduates. Mental noise was operationalised in terms of the reaction time coefficient of variation (RTCV), a measure of RT variability that corrects for average levels of mental speed. Individuals with higher RTCV exhibited less effective cognitive control (Studies 1 and 5), less controlled behaviour (Study 2), and were more prone to negative emotional experiences (Study 3) and depressive symptoms (Study 4). Study 5 extended these results and found that individuals higher (versus lower) in RTCV were more adversely affected by their attentional lapses in daily life. Results converge on the idea that mental noise is an important individual difference dimension with multiple adverse correlates and consequences.


Subject(s)
Cognition , Emotions , Individuality , Mental Processes , Reaction Time , Attention , Depression/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Psychomotor Performance , Social Control, Informal
13.
Psychosom Med ; 73(3): 250-6, 2011 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21217094

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To test in a laboratory setting the hypothesis that the most problematic daily outcomes should be particular to individuals displaying higher cortisol reactivity and deficits in executive functioning as assessed in a task-switching paradigm. METHODS: Thirty-eight volunteers completed a comprehensive assessment protocol. Individual differences in cortisol reactivity were quantified in an initial laboratory session involving a social stress speech task. Subsequently, individual differences in task-switching costs in a cognitive paradigm were assessed in a second session. Participants then reported on four problematic outcomes-error reactivity; worry; core aspects of negative emotionality; and aggression behavior frequency-for 15 consecutive days. RESULTS: Levels of cortisol reactivity did not predict task-switching costs. Instead, and as hypothesized, individual differences in cortisol reactivity and task-switching costs interacted to predict the problematic daily outcomes. The highest levels of such problematic outcomes were particular to high cortisol reactors also exhibiting greater task-switching costs. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the dual vulnerability model proposed and are discussed from temperamental, health risk, and daily outcome perspectives. These findings indicate that cortisol is a risk factor, particularly when combined with deficiencies in task-switching.


Subject(s)
Executive Function/physiology , Hydrocortisone/physiology , Speech/physiology , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Aggression/physiology , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Female , Frontal Lobe/physiology , Gyrus Cinguli/physiology , Humans , Hydrocortisone/analysis , Individuality , Male , Problem Solving , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Reaction Time/physiology , Saliva/chemistry , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Task Performance and Analysis , Temperament/physiology
14.
J Pers ; 79(5): 875-904, 2011 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21204841

ABSTRACT

Since the inception of the empirical study of personality, and even before it, individual differences in anxiety and distress have been viewed as key predictors of behavioral performance. Yet such literatures have always entertained 2 perspectives, one contending that anxious individuals are "driven" and the other contending that anxious individuals are "distracted." The present 3 studies (total N=289) sought to reconcile such discrepant views according to an ex-Gaussian parsing of reaction time performance tendencies in basic cognitive tasks. As hypothesized, a particular pattern marked by faster responding on the preponderance of trials (in terms of the ex-Gaussian µ parameter) in combination with slower responding on other trials (in terms of the ex-Gaussian τ parameter) was predictive of higher levels of anxiety. Implications for understanding neuroticism, distress, the anxiety-performance interface, and cognitive models of personality processes are discussed.


Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Cognition , Neurotic Disorders/psychology , Psychomotor Performance , Reaction Time , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Humans , Illinois , Neurotic Disorders/diagnosis , Normal Distribution , Psychological Tests , Regression Analysis , Stress, Psychological , Students , Universities
15.
Emotion ; 10(5): 615-26, 2010 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21038945

ABSTRACT

Based on an incentive motivation theory of extraversion (Depue & Collins, 1999), it was hypothesized that extraverts (relative to introverts) would exhibit stronger positive priming effects in affective priming tasks, whether involving words or pictures. This hypothesis was systematically supported in four studies involving 229 undergraduates. In each of the four studies, and in a subsequent combined analysis, extraversion was positively predictive of positive affective priming effects, but was not predictive of negative affective priming effects. The results bridge an important gap in the literature between biological and trait models of incentive motivation and do so in a way that should be informative to subsequent efforts to understand the processing basis of extraversion as well as incentive motivation.


Subject(s)
Affect , Extraversion, Psychological , Motivation , Female , Humans , Male , Reward
16.
Emotion ; 10(4): 536-543, 2010 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20677870

ABSTRACT

Individual differences in high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV) have been conceptualized in terms of a greater capacity to self-regulate problematic outcomes, but have also been conceptualized in terms of greater moment-to-moment flexibility. From a self-regulation perspective, higher HRV should be inversely correlated with trait neuroticism and problematic daily outcomes. From a flexibility perspective, high HRV should result in more state-like functioning--that is, functioning that is more contextual and less trait-like in nature. In the latter case, HRV and trait neuroticism may interact to predict problematic outcomes such that neuroticism should be a less consequential predictor at higher levels of HRV. The flexibility perspective was systematically supported in a daily experience-sampling protocol. Implications focus on theories of neuroticism and HRV.


Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Heart Rate/physiology , Neurotic Disorders/physiopathology , Affect/physiology , Female , Humans , Impulsive Behavior/physiopathology , Individuality , Male , Neurotic Disorders/psychology , Personality Inventory , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Stress, Psychological/physiopathology , Stress, Psychological/psychology
17.
J Behav Med ; 33(4): 282-92, 2010 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20204489

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether stress-somatic symptom associations may be more pronounced among individuals whose bodies exhibit higher levels of cardiovascular reactivity to a laboratory social stress task. During an initial laboratory session, participants delivered a 5-min speech and individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity were quantified. The same participants subsequently completed a 15-day experience sampling protocol, in which daily levels of stress and somatic symptoms were assessed. Multi-level modeling was used to assess associations among laboratory cardiovascular reactivity, daily stress and somatic symptoms. Daily symptom reports included a set of commonly experienced physical symptoms reflective of general bodily dysfunction. Individuals displaying high levels of laboratory systolic blood pressure reactivity experienced more somatic symptoms on high-stress days, but this was not the case for individuals low in systolic blood pressure reactivity. The results bridge two hitherto distinct health psychology literatures showing that cardiovascular and somatic reactivity to stress are associated. Stress reactivity individual differences in one system may indicate more general differences in bodily reactivity across systems.


Subject(s)
Blood Pressure/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Social Environment , Stress, Psychological/physiopathology , Arousal/physiology , Female , Humans , Individuality , Male , Young Adult
18.
Emotion ; 9(1): 70-82, 2009 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19186918

ABSTRACT

Approach motivation consists of the active, engaged pursuit of one's goals. The purpose of the present three studies (N = 258) was to examine whether approach motivation could be cognitively modeled, thereby providing process-based insights into personality functioning. Behavioral facilitation was assessed in terms of faster (or facilitated) reaction time with practice. As hypothesized, such tendencies predicted higher levels of approach motivation, higher levels of positive affect, and lower levels of depressive symptoms and did so across cognitive, behavioral, self-reported, and peer-reported outcomes. Tendencies toward behavioral facilitation, on the other hand, did not correlate with self-reported traits (Study 1) and did not predict avoidance motivation or negative affect (all studies). The results indicate a systematic relationship between behavioral facilitation in cognitive tasks and approach motivation in daily life. Results are discussed in terms of the benefits of modeling the cognitive processes hypothesized to underlie individual differences motivation, affect, and depression.


Subject(s)
Affect , Cognition , Motivation , Social Behavior , Adult , Female , Goals , Humans , Male , Punishment , Reaction Time , Reward
19.
Psychol Sci ; 19(7): 702-8, 2008 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18727786

ABSTRACT

This study examined whether individual differences in error-related self-regulation predict emotion regulation in daily life, as suggested by a common-systems view of cognitive and emotional self-regulation. Participants (N= 47) completed a Stroop task, from which error-related brain potentials and behavioral measures of error correction were computed. Participants subsequently reported on daily stressors and anxiety over a 2-week period. As predicted by the common-systems view, a physiological marker of error monitoring and a behavioral measure of error correction predicted emotion regulation in daily life. Specifically, participants higher in cognitive control, as assessed neurally and behaviorally, were less reactive to stress in daily life. The results support the notion that cognitive control and emotion regulation depend on common or interacting systems.


Subject(s)
Attitude , Stress, Psychological/prevention & control , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Affect , Anxiety/psychology , Brain/physiology , Electroencephalography , Humans , Reaction Time , Surveys and Questionnaires
20.
J Res Pers ; 42(2): 295-311, 2008 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19343089

ABSTRACT

The study followed from the idea that neuroticism captures hot or facilitative vulnerabilities related to anger and aggression, whereas agreeableness captures cool or inhibitory processes in relation to these same outcomes. As such, it was predicted that neuroticism and agreeableness should interact to predict anger and aggression according to hot/cool models of self-regulation. This hypothesis was systematically examined among three independent samples of participants (total N = 176). As predicted, neuroticism and agreeableness interacted to predict anger and aggression among all samples, and did so in a manner consistent with the hypothesis that neuroticism-anger relations would be lower at high levels of agreeableness. The results therefore highlight the distinct roles of neuroticism and agreeableness in predicting anger and aggression, while placing these traits in a common interactive self-regulatory framework.

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