A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis.

Lung cancer is a substantial health issue globally, and it is one of the main causes of mortality. Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a common kind of lung cancer. The majority of patients with MM have no symptoms. In the diagnosis of any disease, etiology is crucial. MM risk factor detection procedures include positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, biopsies, X-rays, and blood tests, which are all necessary but costly and intrusive. Researchers primarily concentrated on the investigation of MM risk variables in the study. Mesothelioma symptoms were detected with the help of data from mesothelioma patients. The dataset, however, included both healthy and mesothelioma patients. Classification algorithms for MM illness diagnosis were carried out using computationally efficient data mining techniques. The support vector machine outperformed the multilayer perceptron ensembles (MLPE) neural network (NN) technique, yielding promising findings. With 99.87% classification accuracy achieved using 10-fold cross-validation over 5 runs, SVM is the best classification when contrasted to the MLPE NN, which achieves 99.56% classification accuracy. In addition, SPSS analysis is carried out for this study to collect pertinent and experimental data.

Theoretical insight into the unexpected initial (3 + 2) cycloaddition reaction of mesitonitrile oxide with 1, 4-diazepine derivatives: A computational study.

1,4-Diazepine as an active drug component underlies the potency of most psychotic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, and antibacterial drugs in the market and is, therefore crucial in chemotherapeutic treatment in biomedicine. Proper functionalization of this moiety can afford even more potent drugs. As a result of their therapeutic significance, this study aims at precisely giving a comprehensive computational insight into the unexpected initial reactivity of 1,4-diazepine derivatives and mesitonitrile oxide. The initial reaction between mesitonitrile oxide and 1,4-diazepine derivatives proceeds via a (3 + 2) cycloaddition reaction which leads to the formation of a cycloadduct where the mesitonitrile oxide unexpectedly adds across the imine functionality at the expense of the potential olefinic carbon-carbon double bond. Calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) M06/6-311G (d, p) level of theory indicate that the initial (3 + 2) cycloaddition reaction of mesitonitrile oxide (1,3-dipole) and 1,4-diazepine derivatives (dipolarophile) in all cases proceeds to form the cycloadduct where the 1,3-dipole adds preferentially to the imine functionality at the expense of the potential olefinic carbon-carbon double bond. In light of the parent reaction, the most kinetically favored cycloadductP3A had a rate constant of 5.1 × 106 M-1s-1, which is about 12 manifolds faster than the next competing stereoisomer P1A with a rate constant of 4.1 × 105 M-1s-1 and about 1024 faster than the most favored cycloadduct P3B with a rate constant of 7.2 × 10-19 M-1s-1 in the unfavored pathway (Path B). Irrespective of the electronic and steric nature of the electron-donating (EDG) and electron-withdrawing (EWG) substituents placed on the dipolarophile, the selectivities of the reaction were maintained. Rationalization of the potential energy surface depicts that the 1,3-dipole adds across the dipolarophile via an asynchronous concerted mechanism. Rationalization of the HOMO-LUMO energies of the mesitonitrile oxide (1,3-dipole) and the 1,4-diazepine derivatives (dipolarophile) depict that the EDG-substituted dipolarophile react as nucleophiles, whereas the dipole reacts as an electrophile. Conversely, the HOMO-LUMO interaction between the EWG-substituted dipolarophile indicates that the EWG-substituted dipolarophile react as electrophiles, whereas the dipole reacts as a nucleophile. The electrophilic parr function at various reactive sites of the dipolarophile shows that the 1,3-dipole preferentially adds across the local centers with the largest electrophilic NBO or Mulliken spin densities which is consistent with the energetic trend observed. The reactivity of the 1,4-diazepine derivatives and the mesitonitrile oxide showed poor stereoselectivity.

A re-examination of the exchange rate - Interest rate differential relationship in Ghana.

This study revisits the relationship between the exchange rate and interest rate differential in Ghana with a focus on the period in which the country adopted the inflation targeting regime. Using macro-data spanning 2002 to 2019 for Ghana and the United States, we show the nonexistence of the relationship in both the short-run and long-run. Further, we show a positive but slow responsiveness of the exchange rate to interest rate differential shocks from the short-run to the medium term. The long-run results, however, shows a case of a strong and significant response of exchange rate to interest rate differential shocks. We recommend that the Bank of Ghana (BoG) addresses perennial macroeconomic instability, especially on inflation, which has been shown to fuel investment uncertainty and investment insensitivity to interest rate.

Exploring the peri- and stereo- selectivities of the cycloaddition reaction of 2-(2- dimethylaminovinyl)-1-benzopyran-4-one with N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) and dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) - A DFT study.

The [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of 2-styrylchromones have been predominantly described as one of the efficient methods for the synthesis of xanthones-a prominent class of tricyclic molecules that occur widely in nature. These xanthones are well known for their pharmacological activities especially their role as anti-cancer agents in the medicinal world. In this study, the mechanistic insight into the unusual (peri- and stereo-) selectivities of the reaction of 2-(2-dimethylaminovinyl)-1-benzopyran-4-one (A1) with N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) and dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) has been studied using density functional theory (DFT) at the M06-2X/6-311G (d, p) level of theory. The reaction of A1 and NPM in dimethylformamide (DMF) is periselective towards the initial formation of a [4 + 2] cycloadduct and stereoselectively in an exo fashion with an activation energy of 6.8kcalmol-1 and a rate constant of 6.43×107s-1 which occurs about 878 million times faster than the closest competing pathway for the initial [2 + 2] cycloaddition fashion with an activation energy of 19.0kcalmol-1 and a rate constant of 7.32×10-2s-1. For the substituent effect on the reaction, the reaction selectivity is still maintained where the exo intermediate remains the most kinetically favored cycloadduct. However, the magnitude of the barriers increases slightly with a margin of about 0.1-4.8kcalmol for the electron-donating groups (EDGs) in the order; strong EDGs (OH < NH2 < OCH3) < weak EDGs (

A quantum mechanistic insight into the chemo- and regio-selective [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction of aryl hetaryl thioketones with diazoalkanes and nitrile oxide derivatives.

In this quantum mechanistic study, density functional theory computations at the B3LYP hybrid level of theory, in addition to triple zeta basis set 6-311G (d, p), were utilized to investigate the chemoselectivities and regioselectivities of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of phenyl (2-thienyl) thioketone (B1) derivatives with nitrile oxide (B2) and diazopropane derivatives (B3). From the computations obtained, the reactions of nitrile oxide and diazopropane derivatives with phenyl (2-thienyl) thioketone proceed through an asynchronous one-step mechanism. The initial [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of B1 and B3 is followed by a nitrogen extrusion which is also highly asynchronous. Despite the steric and electronic effects of the substituent on the energetics, the reaction center is selectively observed at the thiocarbonyl site of B1. A study of the Parr functions at the different reaction sites in B1 indicates the addition of B2 and B3 via the atomic centers with the largest Mulliken atomic spin densities. These results show that the thiocarbonyl site is the most reactive center compared to the other ethylene groups on B1, irrespective of the three atom components used. The global electron density transfer results are in agreement with the selectivity and activation barriers observed in the reaction. Our results agree well with experimental observations.

Computer-Aided Multiclass Classification of Corn from Corn Images Integrating Deep Feature Extraction.

Corn has great importance in terms of production in the field of agriculture and animal feed. Obtaining pure corn seeds in corn production is quite significant for seed quality. For this reason, the distinction of corn seeds that have numerous varieties plays an essential role in marketing. This study was conducted with 14,469 images of BT6470, Calipso, Es_Armandi, and Hiva types of corn licensed by BIOTEK. The classification of images was carried out in three stages. At the first stage, deep feature extraction of the four types of corn images was performed with the pretrained CNN model SqueezeNet 1000 deep features were obtained for each image. In the second stage, in order to reduce these features obtained from deep feature extraction with SqueezeNet, separate feature selection processes were performed with the Bat Optimization (BA), Whale Optimization (WOA), and Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithms among optimization algorithms. Finally, in the last stage, the features obtained from the first and second stages were classified by using the machine learning methods Decision Tree (DT), Naive Bayes (NB), multi-class Support Vector Machine (mSVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Neural Network (NN). In the classification processes of the features obtained in the first stage, the mSVM model has achieved the highest classification success with 89.40%. In the second stage, as a result of the classifications performed through the active features selected by using three types of feature selection algorithms (BA, WOA, GWO), the classification success obtained with the mSVM model was 88.82%, 88.72%, and 88.95%, respectively. The classification accuracies of the tested methods and the classification accuracies obtained in the first stage are close to each other in terms of classification success. However, with the algorithms used in feature selection, successful classification processes have been carried out with fewer features and in a shorter time. The results of the study, in which classification was carried out in the inexpensive, the objective, and the shorter time of processing for the corn types, present a different perspective in terms of classification performance.

Technical Job Recommendation System Using APIs and Web Crawling.

There has been a sudden boom in the technical industry and an increase in the number of good startups. Keeping track of various appropriate job openings in top industry names has become increasingly troublesome. This leads to deadlines and hence important opportunities being missed. Through this research paper, the aim is to automate this process to eliminate this problem. To achieve this, Puppeteer and Representational State Transfer (REST) APIs for web crawling have been used. A hybrid system of Content-Based Filtering and Collaborative Filtering is implemented to recommend these jobs. The intention is to aggregate and recommend appropriate jobs to job seekers, especially in the engineering domain. The entire process of accessing numerous company websites hoping to find a relevant job opening listed on their career portals is simplified. The proposed recommendation system is tested on an array of test cases with a fully functioning user interface in the form of a web application. It has shown satisfactory results, outperforming the existing systems. It thus testifies to the agenda of quality over quantity.

Fiber Optic RealShape technology in endovascular surgery.

Fiber Optic RealShape technology is a new endovascular guidance system that aims to simplify endovascular procedures by improving wire, catheter, and device visualization, while reducing reliance on ionizing radiation. Developed by Philips, the system uses light refracted through optical fibers to generate real-time renderings of wires and catheters in three-dimensional space. Currently, devices with embedded Fiber Optic RealShape technology are being studied in human patients undergoing endovascular procedures. Early findings demonstrate the technology to be safe and effective in offsetting procedural complexity. Research and development to improve rendering accuracy and expand the selection of available Fiber Optic RealShape-enabled endovascular devices continues.

Addressing the severity and intensity of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: how relevant is the ICT and financial development pathway?

The study examines the effectiveness of ICT diffusion and financial development in reducing the severity and intensity of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using data from the World Development Indicators and the Global Consumption and Income Project (1980-2019), we provide evidence, robust to several specifications from the dynamic system GMM and the panel corrected standard errors estimation techniques, to show that, compared to financial access, ICT usage, and ICT access, ICT skills is remarkable in reducing both the severity and intensity of poverty. The results further revealed that, though ICT skills reduce poverty, the effect is more pronounced in the presence of enhanced financial development. Policy recommendations are provided in line with the region's green growth agenda and technological progress.

A DFT study of the double (3 + 2) cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and allenoates for the formation of spirobiisoxazolines.

The molecular mechanism of the double (3 + 2) cycloaddition (32CA) reaction between nitrile oxides and allenoates has been studied using density functional theory at the M06-2X/6-311G (d,p) level of theory. In the first 32CA, the nitrile oxide adds chemo- and regio-selectively to the C-C double bond of the allenoate closest to the carboxylate group followed by a subsequent regioselective addition to the olefinic bond of the isoxazoline intermediate. The rate constant for the preferred pathway (formation of 4-methylene-2-isoxazoline intermediate) in the reaction of ethyl substituted allenoate and mesitonitrile oxide is 5.3 × 102 s-1 in THF which is about 13 times faster than the closest competing step (formation of its regioisomer 5-methylene-2-isoxazoline intermediate) which has a rate constant of 4.4 × 101 s-1. Strong electron-donating groups (EDGs) and electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) decrease activation barriers and hence increase the reaction rate. Also, the dimerization of nitrile oxide to form furaxon is found to be kinetically unfavored.

Ozone initiated inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in water: Influence of selected organic solvents prevalent in wastewaters.

Absorption, stability and reactivity of ozone in water are critical parameters to determine its efficiency in microbial inactivation. In this study, the influence of four water-soluble organic solvents commonly discharged from industrial lines into wastewater systems, namely; ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the ozone-facilitated inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in water was investigated. Ozone absorption (up to 12 min) as a function of ozone aeration time, and the decomposition rate were spectrophotometrically monitored in the presence of 2.5% and 5% concentrations of each organic solvent. Their consequent effect on bacterial inactivation was determined. The inactivation kinetics were described using the efficiency factor Hom model. Residual concentrations of absorbed ozone in solutions with ethyl acetate or DMSO were relatively higher than those in methanol or ethanol-containing solutions. DMSO and ethyl acetate enhanced the stability of ozone in water, characterised by a lower decomposition rate constant in DMSO (kd = 3.81 × 10-2 M-1 s-1) and ethyl acetate (kd = 4.45 × 10-2 M-1 s-1) solutions, in contrast with that in methanol (kd = 1.13 × 10-1 M-1 s-1), where the decomposition rate was higher. The faster absorption and stability of ozone in ethyl acetate and DMSO corresponded with an observed increase in the log inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus by approximately 2-fold relative to that in methanol.

Chlorine dioxide oxidation of Escherichia coli in water - A study of the disinfection kinetics and mechanism.

This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) inactivation of a Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) in oxidant demand free (ODF) water in detail as a function of disinfectant concentration (0.5-5.0 mg/L), water pH (6.5-8.5), temperature variations (4-37°C) and bacterial density (105-107 cfu/mL). The effects of ClO2 on bacterial cell morphology, outer membrane permeability, cytoplasmic membrane disruption and intracellular enzymatic activity were also studied to elucidate the mechanism of action on the cells. Increasing temperature and disinfectant concentration were proportional to the rate of cell killing, but efficacy was found to be significantly subdued at 0.5 mg/L and less dependent on the bacterial density. The bactericidal efficiency was higher at alkaline pH of 8 or above as compared to neutral and slightly acidic pH of 7 and 6.5 respectively. The disinfection kinetic curves followed a biphasic pattern of rapid inactivation within the initial 2 min which were followed by a tailing even in the presence of residual biocide. The curves were adequately described by the Cavg Hom model. Transmission Electron Microscopy images of the bacteria cells exposed to lethal concentrations of ClO2 indicated very little observable morphological damage to the outer membranes of the cells. ClO2 however was found to increase the permeability of the outer and cytoplasmic membranes leading to the leakage of membrane components such as 260 nm absorbing materials and inhibiting the activity of the intracellular enzyme ß-D-galactosidase. It is suggested that the disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane and subsequent efflux of intracellular components result in the inactivation of the Gram-negative bacteria.