[Epidemiology and prophylaxis of varicella in military units].

Epidemiology and prophylaxis of varicella in military units. Topical issues in military units varicella epidemiology and prevention, as one of the most important infections, potentially controlled by means of immunization. As a result of the retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of varicella personnel- in one of the military districts found that the risk category for the disease are conscripts from the young recruits. The main riskfactors for introduction and spread of the infection: violation of statutory requirements to placement and life conditions of young recruits, delays in army of observation in epidemic outbreaks of varicella. The connection of the skid in a military collective agents of varicella with disabilities in the diagnostic work of the medical service and the organization of sanitary and anti-epidemic regime in. infectious wards of military hospitals. The possibilities of improving the selective immunization against varicella soldiers of the young recruits.

[Ways of improvement of military epidemiology as a diagnosis and prophylaxis branch of military medicine].

Ways of improvement of military epidemiology as a diagnosis and prophylaxis branch of military medicine. The prospects of development of epidemiological science, training systems and improvement of practice in preventive medicine based on the integration process are considered. The authors emphasize a final recognition of epidemiology as a single diagnostic and preventive discipline the subjects of which are manifestations of epidemic diseases regardless aetiology. An integration of specialists in prophylaxis requires correction of the system of military-medical education and improvement of preventive medical support subsystem of (naval forces). The prospects of inclusion in the educational and scientific processes of the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases, improve the interaction of different structures of military medical services in the field of infectious disease prevention personnel.

[Peculiarities of sanitary and epidemiological (preventive) measures aimed at contraction and spread control of Ebola virus disease].

Now the Ebola virus continues to extend in the Western Africa. Cases, including with lethal outcomes are also registered in the countries of Europe and America. The probability of drift of this disease on the territory of the Russian Federation, including through the foreign military personnel who is trained in the country isn't excluded. For prevention of drift and distribution in Russia of the illness caused by the Ebola virus the complex of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) actions is developed and introduced in practice of military health care. The specified actions allow to control an epidemiological situation on this infection and can be recommended for use to military medical experts at all levels.

[Diphtheria in the military forces: lessons and current status of prophylaxis, prospects of epidemiological control process].

We analyzed the epidemiological situation of diphtheria in the world and in Russia and experience of mass vaccination of military personnel and civil population with diphtheria toxoid for the last 50 years. Early diagnosis of diphtheria in military personnel has a prognostic value. Authors described the peculiarities of epidemiological process of diphtheria in military personnel in 80-90 years of 20th century and organizational aspects of mass vaccination with diphtheria toxoid. Authors analyzed current problems of epidemiology and prophylaxis of diphtheria in military personnel and civil population and possible developments. According to long-term prognosis authors mentioned the increase of morbidity and came to conclusion that it is necessary enhance the epidemiological surveillance. Authors presented prospect ways of improvement of vaccination and rational approaches to immunization of military personnel under positive long-term epidemiological situation.

[Organization of prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory diseases in military personnel].

Respiratory diseases for many years in the Armed Forces of the Russian occupy the leading position in the structure of the pathology of internal organs. Preventive measures to prevention of the emergence and spread of acute respiratory infections among soldiers can help to reduce the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the armed forces. Particular attention is drawn to the control of the conditions of accommodation, food and combat training of military personnel, as well as the implementation of the commanders of their duties. Shows typical action plans for the prevention of outbreaks of infectious diseases of the respiratory tract in military units and algorithms for the treatment of respiratory infections in military personnel in military units and hospitals.

[Epidemiology and prophylaxis of community-acquired pneumonia in servicemen].

Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the most pressing issues for military medicine in connection with a high incidence among conscripts. After the vaccination beginning in 2002, the uninterrupted increase of the pneumonia incidence that had been observed in 90-th years was changed to the tendency of decrease. But in 2009 and 2010 the incidence of pneumonia increased significantly in all military districts because of crowded conditions of accommodation and activation of "mixing" of personnel in connection with reduction of military service period from 2 and 1.5 years to 1 year. The improvement of accommodation conditions and prevention of excessive cooling are the bases of prevention of pneumonia. It is recommended to use bactericidal air recycling apparatus in barracks. Medicament prophylaxis consists of vaccination with polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumo 23) together with influenza vaccine. It is necessary to approve in the troops conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (Prevenar 13), which was registered in Russia 2 years ago. Vaccination should be combined with the use of immunotropical and antivirus medication, vitamins.

[Primary causative agents of infectious complications in injured with severe trauma].

AIM: Study etiologic structure of infectious complications in injured with severe-trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of results of therapy outcomes in 5966 wounded and injured (1999 - 2009) and prospective observation of 142 injured (2008 - 2009) by using epidemiologic, statistical and microbiological methods was carried out. RESULTS: Frequency of isolation and specific weight of causative agents depending on localization of infectious complication was established. Among 11486 isolated microorganism strains 4 causative agents dominated: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. The proportion of these causative agents differed in various years. Interconnections of microorganisms composing associations were determined. CONCLUSION: Conduction of microbiological monitoring is determined by the necessity of constant control for leading causative agents of infectious complications in injured with severe trauma in the dynamic of their therapy.

[Epidemiologic support of troops during the Great Patriotic War].

The article is dedicated to the analysis of experience of domestic military preventive medicine during the Great Patriotic War. It describes the methods used and the means of protection of troops, volume control activities carried out. The authors state that these measures had provided epidemiological welfare of troops, expressed in a relatively small proportion of infectious diseases among all diseases of the soldiers.

[Prospects for reducing the incidence of military air-borne infections which are not controllable by means of vaccination].

Examines the state of immunization by means of uncontrolled disease vaccine (influenza, SARS, pneumonia, streptococcal and meningococcal infections). They cause disease in both children and adolescents, as well as in organized collectives of adults, especially among conscripts. Calendars vaccination of the population and soldiers regulate immunization risk of epidemic indications against influenza, and partly against meningococcal infection; gradually introduced to the troops Immunoprophylaxis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Not solved the problem of immunization of adenovirus and streptococcal infections in military personnel. Discussed ways to improve your calendar vaccination of military personnel on extended epidemic indications against the mentioned diseases.

[Current issues of epidemiology and vaccine prophylaxis of "children" airborne infections in the armies (Navy)].

It highlights the problems associated with the epidemiological situation of the morbidity of the population and the military personnel with infections, which recently were "infant"--measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria and other infections, controlled now by means of immunization. There is no alternative to the mass immunization of children and adolescents to achieve highly efficient vaccine-resistant sporadic incidence of these infections. However, amid the successes achieved, regular "grow-up" disease causes these infections spread vaccination for adults who are at risk. In military units there are similar conditions, they increase the risk of both infection and disease, especially among conscripts. The ways to improve vaccination calendars troops are discussed, including held for epidemical indications, the need for immunization of groups at risk of chicken pox, and in the future--and against other "childhood" diseases.

[Contribution of Academician V. D. Belyakov to the development of epidemiological science and medical education].

The paper analyzes life and scientific legacy of academician and professor of Natural Sciences, Major-General of the Medical Service Vitaly Dmitrievich Belyakov (1921-1996). The outstanding epidemiologist made a valuable contribution to the training of personnel for the military medical service and health of the country, as well as the improvement of anti-epidemic support for the troops and the navy and the country's population. Academician V. D. Belyakov is considered as one of the giants of the domestic medicine dedicated their lives to the development of epidemiological science and preventive work in Russia.

[Clinical-and-epidemiologic peculiarities of streptococcosis infections in army collectives].

Streptococcosis and streptococcosis infections are a big problem for well-being of population of our planet. Streptococcosis infections are especially actual for military servicemen and activity of medical service in prophylaxis of infection diseases. Streptococcosis cause a grand quantity of different diseases in military collectives and their complications, and unfavorable outcomes and results of diseases. There are discussed clinical-epidemiological parallels, questions of epidemiological control for streptococcosis infections, perspectives of rationalization of their treatment and prophylaxis of morbidity among military servicemen on the base of modern idea about general regularities of epidemiology of streptococcosis and peculiarities of exhibitions of clinical entity in military collectivities.

[Prophylaxis of streptococcic infection in military collectives].

Peculiarities of clinical-epidemiological evidences of streptococcic infection in military collectives determine necessity of improvement of system of epidemiological survey for morbidity by actual streptococcuses and methodology of rational using of complex of sanitarium-prophylaxis (contraepidemic) measures. Microbiological monitoring and immunological screening along with traditional methods of epidemiological diagnostics permit to educe group of risk, epidemic stock of streptococcus and to organize optimal prophylactic measures. Among them the most effective are immunization by 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in pestholes of acute pneumonia and bicillin-prophylaxis of angine, streptoderma, suppurativy-septic streptococcus and their complications.

[Sanitary-bacteriological control of artificial ventilation apparatuses in the prevention of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in a surgical hospital].

Airway damage in intensive care unit patients at surgical hospitals is a common manifestation of nosocomial pyoseptic infections. Artificial ventilation (AV) apparatuses used in a therapeutic and diagnostic process are vital to the transmission of their pathogens. The paper shows that various units and surfaces of the apparatuses are differently contaminated with nosocomial microorganisms. In this connection, their microbial contamination should be evaluated without fail when the higher rate of nosocomial respiratory tract infections is recorded in patients. Decontamination of the most important parts and surfaces of AV apparatuses and control over medical staff's hand scrubbing can upgrade the quality of measures to prevent respiratory tract infections in patients.

[Epidemiology and development of prophylaxis of acute respiratory diseases and pneumonias in servicemen in modern conditions].

Acute diseases of respiratory organs occupy leading position among all diseases in army. In 2009 a part of total morbidity of ARD, flu, pneumonia and acute bronchitis was 45.7% from all diseases. With the start of the usage of pneumococcal vaccine in the army continuous increase of morbidity of pneumonia gave way to reduction. In postvaccinal period in patients with pneumonia, frequency of pneumococcus's effuse reduced under the increase of frequency of detection of viruses, staphylococcus and streptococcus. Considering polyaetiology of pneumonia and ARD, significancy of immune inefficiency in its developments, it is necessary to use specific prophylactic drugs with antiviral products in period of reinforce.

[Epidemiological aspects of the influenza "pandemia" during 2009-2010 years].

The article presents the preliminary data analysis of past "pandemic" and regional epidemics in the world caused by the influenza virus A(H1N1)sw1. Draw conclusions about the relative softness of the clinical and epidemiological manifestations of recent developments in connection with the lack of antigenic shift from a new strain and a significant protective role of acquired earlier population of cross-immunity of population to variants of influenza virus A(H1N1)sw1. In military units as representative risky groups are reflected all the laws of the epidemic process of influenza in the population. Consequently, the results of epidemiological surveillance in them can be extrapolated to the population and make a forecast of the epidemic in order to develop strategies and tactics to combat this infection in a large scale.

[Improvement of epidemiological surveillance of meningococcus infection and it's selective prophylaxis in troops].

The article is devoted to a critical analyze of existent system of epidemiological surveillance for morbidity of meningococcus infection among population and military service men, and to condition and perspectives of immuno- and chemoprophylaxis of correspondent generalized forms of diseases in the world, Russia and it's Army and NAVY. It is proposed a differentiated approach to realization of these measures in organized (military) collectives on the base of microbiological monitoring of epidemic officials (serogroups) of causative agents, on the base of prediction of morbidity by generalized forms and on the base of clinical-epidemical diagnostics at early stages of development of epidemic process.

[Swine flu: epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment, and prophylaxis].

Virus of piggy grippe is a virus of type A, which has greatly changed in it's antigenic structure. As a result, has appeared a new variant of germ (syb-type), in relation to which vaccines, used for period 2008-2009, are unsuccessful. Virus represents a real risk for life and health of millions of people. Experts of World Health Organization are sure, that eruption can lead to a global expansion of virus. To the group of high risk refer: children younger then 5 years old, full-growns of 50 years old and older, children and teen-agers (from 6 months to 18 years), treated for a long time by aspirin, gravidas, full-growns with several chronic diseases, persons in nursing homes, hospices, requiring a long-termed hipurgia, compulsory-duty servicemen. Latent period is from 1 to 7 days (2-3 days on the average). Accountancy of clinical data: acute beginning, hyperpyretic fever, predominance of damages of upper respiratory tracts. The article presents a detailed characteristic of therapeutic and prophylactic measures in the Army and NAVY.

[Zoonotic (avian) influenza. Prognoses of pandemic and reality].

Likelihood of a pandemic emergence in the near future was discussed. The majority of science-based arguments point to anthroponotic nature of future pandemic, which can be caused by return to circulation of H2N2 virus silently persisting in population from 1968 or in animals as part of various reassortants. Outbreaks of zoonotic (avian) influenza in humans emerged recently reflect natural epidemic manifestations of epizootic process which had become more intense due to specific social and natural conditions in densely populated countries of South-East Asia. This suggestion is confirmed by predominance of poultry workers between patients with avian influenza. Likelihood of pandemic influenza A virus emergence as a result of reassortation between human and avian influenza viruses is not high. Similarity of antigenic structure of human and animal influenza viruses points to their common roots, but yet humans remain the biological dead-end for reassortant viruses. Rationale for epidemiologic surveillance as well as for prophylactic and antiepidemic measures with respect to influenza A is obvious basing on anthroponotic nature of its causative agents. Although the likelihood of adaptation of animal influenza viruses to human organism and formation of anthroponotic mechanisms of transmission is small, epidemiological and, especially, epizootic surveillance for zoonotic influenza are essential.