Estimating nutrition intake status of community-dwelling elderly people requiring care in disaster settings: A preliminary cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: There are a lack of disaster preparedness measures that target populations with dysphagia. In particular, disaster response plans frequently overlook differences in textures between emergency foods and regularly consumed foods. The aim of this study was to estimate the number of community-dwelling elderly care recipients requiring specific food preparations, including the population at risk of aspiration when solely consuming common emergency foods. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. PATIENTS: Community-dwelling elderly care recipients who were certified by the public long-term care insurance system in Japan and registered at one of 77 care managing offices in Shinjuku city. METHODS: Special needs regarding food intake and risks associated with receiving emergency foods were assessed by government-certified care managers. RESULTS: Data were acquired from 1,271 care recipients. Notably, 23.1% of the sampled population had special needs regarding food intake at all times (e.g. non-oral intake or need for texture-modified foods). An additional 11.5% were estimated to experience difficulty when ingesting common emergency foods, despite the ability to consume regular foods. CONCLUSION: A relatively large portion of community-dwelling elderly people will be at risk of aspiration due to the intake of commonly distributed emergency foods following a disaster. Appropriate preparation based on an assessment of special needs regarding food intake is therefore required when planning for future disasters.

Metal-free regioselective oxidative biaryl coupling leading to head-to-tail bithiophenes: reactivity switching, a concept based on the iodonium(III) intermediate.

A new synthetic concept for obtaining unsymmetrical biaryl coupling products by an oxidative method is reported. Our synthetic strategy casts light on the reaction intermediate for switching the reactivity of 3-substituted thiophenes. On the basis of this strategy, a novel direct method for the synthesis of head-to-tail bithiophenes using hypervalent iodine(III) reagents has been developed.

Enhanced reactivity of [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene in fluoroalcohol media. Efficient direct synthesis of thienyl(aryl)iodonium salts.

In this manuscript, we report clear evidence for the generation of aromatic cation radicals produced by using [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene (HTIB) in fluoroalcohol solvents such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP). The single-electron-transfer (SET) oxidation ability of HTIB to give cation radicals was first established by ESR and UV measurements. The reaction was broadly applied to various thiophenes, and unique thienyliodonium salts were directly synthesized by this method in excellent yields without the production of any harmful byproducts.

Clean and direct synthesis of alpha,alpha'-bithiophenes and bipyrroles by metal-free oxidative coupling using recyclable hypervalent iodine(III) reagents.

The facile and clean oxidative biaryl coupling reaction of thiophenes and pyrroles has been achieved using the recyclable hypervalent iodine(III) reagents having adamantane or methane structures. These iodine(III) reagents could be recovered from the reaction mixtures by a simple solid-liquid separation, i.e., filtration.

Metal-free oxidative cross-coupling of unfunctionalized aromatic compounds.

A new strategy for mixed biaryl synthesis has been developed using the hypervalent iodine(III) reagents. The unique reactivities of the sigma-heteroaryl iodine(III) intermediates generated in situ are the key element for the unusual metal catalyst-free transformations and strict control of the product selectivities.