ABSTRACT
In animal cells, vacuoles are absent, but can be induced by diseases and drugs. While phosphoinositides are critical for membrane trafficking, their role in the formation of these vacuoles remains unclear. The immunosuppressive KRP203/Mocravimod, which antagonizes sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, has been identified as having novel multimodal activity against phosphoinositide kinases. However, the impact of this novel KRP203 activity is unknown. Here, we show that KRP203 disrupts the spatial organization of phosphoinositides and induces extensive vacuolization in tumor cells and immortalized fibroblasts. The KRP203-induced vacuoles are primarily from endosomes, and augmented by inhibition of PIKFYVE and VPS34. Conversely, overexpression of PTEN decreased KRP203-induced vacuole formation. Furthermore, V-ATPase inhibition completely blunted KRP203-induced vacuolization, pointing to a critical requirement of the endosomal maturation process. Importantly, nearly a half of KRP203-induced vacuoles are significantly decorated with PI4P, a phosphoinositide typically enriched at the plasma membrane and Golgi. These results suggest a model that noncanonical spatial reorganization of phosphoinositides by KRP203 alters the endosomal maturation process, leading to vacuolization. Taken together, this study reveals a previously unrecognized bioactivity of KRP203 as a vacuole-inducing agent and its unique mechanism of phosphoinositide modulation, providing a new insight of phosphoinositide regulation into vacuolization-associated diseases and their molecular pathologies.
Subject(s)
Endosomes , PTEN Phosphohydrolase , Phosphatidylinositols , Vacuoles , Vacuoles/metabolism , Vacuoles/drug effects , Endosomes/metabolism , Endosomes/drug effects , Humans , Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism , Animals , PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism , PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics , Mice , Morpholines/pharmacology , Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/metabolism , Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/antagonists & inhibitors , Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/genetics , Cytoplasm/metabolism , HeLa Cells , Aminopyridines , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-RingABSTRACT
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are essential nucleic acid building blocks and serve as energy molecules for a wide range of cellular reactions. Cellular GTP concentration fluctuates independently of ATP and is significantly elevated in numerous cancers, contributing to malignancy. Quantitative measurement of ATP and GTP has become increasingly important to elucidate how concentration changes regulate cell function. Liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and capillary electrophoresis-coupled MS (CE-MS) are powerful methods widely used for the identification and quantification of biological metabolites. However, these methods have limitations related to specialized instrumentation and expertise, low throughput, and high costs. Here, we introduce a novel quantitative method for GTP concentration monitoring (GTP-quenching resonance energy transfer (QRET)) in homogenous cellular extracts. CE-MS analysis along with pharmacological control of cellular GTP levels shows that GTP-QRET possesses high dynamic range and accuracy. Furthermore, we combined GTP-QRET with luciferase-based ATP detection, leading to a new technology, termed QT-LucGTP&ATP, enabling high-throughput compatible dual monitoring of cellular GTP and ATP in a homogenous fashion. Collectively, GTP-QRET and QT-LucGTP&ATP offer a unique, high-throughput opportunity to explore cellular energy metabolism, serving as a powerful platform for the development of novel therapeutics and extending its usability across a range of disciplines.
