ABSTRACT
With a resurgence in interest in covalent drugs, there is a need to identify new moieties capable of cysteine bond formation that are differentiated from commonly employed systems such as acrylamide. Herein, we report on the discovery of new alkynyl benzoxazine and dihydroquinazoline moieties capable of covalent reaction with cysteine. Their utility as alternative electrophilic warheads for chemical biological probes and drug molecules is demonstrated through site-selective protein modification and incorporation into kinase drug scaffolds. A potent covalent inhibitor of JAK3 kinase was identified with superior selectivity across the kinome and improvements in in vitro pharmacokinetic profile relative to the related acrylamide-based inhibitor. In addition, the use of a novel heterocycle as a cysteine reactive warhead is employed to target Cys788 in c-KIT, where acrylamide has previously failed to form covalent interactions. These new reactive and selective heterocyclic warheads supplement the current repertoire for cysteine covalent modification while avoiding some of the limitations generally associated with established moieties.
Subject(s)
Benzoxazines/pharmacology , Janus Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Quinazolines/pharmacology , Benzoxazines/chemical synthesis , Benzoxazines/chemistry , Humans , Janus Kinase 3/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Quinazolines/chemical synthesis , Quinazolines/chemistryABSTRACT
The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-containing receptor G6b-B is critical for platelet production and activation. Loss of G6b-B results in severe macrothrombocytopenia, myelofibrosis and aberrant platelet function in mice and humans. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry, affinity chromatography and proteomics, we identified the extracellular matrix heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan perlecan as a G6b-B binding partner. Subsequent in vitro biochemical studies and a cell-based genetic screen demonstrated that the interaction is specifically mediated by the HS chains of perlecan. Biophysical analysis revealed that heparin forms a high-affinity complex with G6b-B and mediates dimerization. Using platelets from humans and genetically modified mice, we demonstrate that binding of G6b-B to HS and multivalent heparin inhibits platelet and megakaryocyte function by inducing downstream signaling via the tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2. Our findings provide novel insights into how G6b-B is regulated and contribute to our understanding of the interaction of megakaryocytes and platelets with glycans.
Subject(s)
Blood Platelets/physiology , Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism , Animals , Humans , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Protein Binding , Protein Multimerization , Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism , Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism , Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency , Receptors, Immunologic/genetics , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Inhibition of 11ß-HSD1 is viewed as a potential target for the treatment of obesity and other elements of the metabolic syndrome. We report here the optimization of a carboxylic acid class of inhibitors from AZD4017 (1) to the development candidate AZD8329 (27). A structural change from pyridine to pyrazole together with structural optimization led to an improved technical profile in terms of both solubility and pharmacokinetics. The extent of acyl glucuronidation was reduced through structural optimization of both the carboxylic acid and amide substituents, coupled with a reduction in lipophilicity leading to an overall increase in metabolic stability.
Subject(s)
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Benzoates/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glucuronides/metabolism , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyridines/chemistry , 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/metabolism , Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Adipose Tissue/enzymology , Animals , Benzoates/chemical synthesis , Benzoates/pharmacokinetics , Dogs , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Glucuronides/chemistry , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Liver/drug effects , Liver/enzymology , Macaca fascicularis , Mice , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Conformation , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme in the human body. It catalyses the formation of tetrahydrofolate and carbon dioxide from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, thereby playing an important role in the human metabolism of one-carbon units. It is a two-domain protein in which the N-terminal domain hydrolyses 10-formyltetrahydrofolate into formate and tetrahydrofolate. The high-resolution crystal structure of the hydrolase domain from human 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase has been determined in the presence and absence of a substrate analogue. The structures reveal conformational changes of two loops upon ligand binding, while key active-site residues appear to be pre-organized for catalysis prior to substrate binding. Two water molecules in the structures mark the positions of key oxygen moieties in the catalytic reaction and reaction geometries are proposed based on the structural data.
