ABSTRACT
Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) are highly expressed in the lactating mammary gland and are secreted into milk associated with the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Ablation of the genes encoding either protein causes severe defects in the secretion of milk lipid droplets, suggesting that the two proteins may function in the same pathway. Therefore, we determined whether BTN1A1 and XOR directly interact using protein binding assays, surface plasmon resonance analysis, and gel filtration. Bovine XOR bound with high affinity in a pH- and salt-sensitive manner (KD=101+/-31 nM in 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) to the PRY/SPRY/B30.2 domain in the cytoplasmic region of bovine BTN1A1. Binding was stoichiometric, with one XOR dimer binding to either two BTN1A1 monomers or one dimer. XOR bound to BTN1A1 orthologs from mice, humans, or cows but not to the cytoplasmic domains of the closely related human paralogs, BTN2A1 or BTN3A1, or to the B30.2 domain of human RoRet (TRIM 38), a protein in the TRIM family. Analysis of the protein composition of the MFGM of wild type and BTN1A1 null mice showed that most of the XOR in mice lacking BTN1A1 was released from the MFGM in a soluble form when the milk lipid droplets were disrupted to prepare membrane, compared with wild-type mice, in which most of the XOR remained membrane-bound. Thus BTN1A1 functions in vivo to stabilize the association of XOR with the MFGM by direct interactions through the PRY/SPRY/B30.2 domain. The potential significance of BTN1A1/XOR interactions in the mammary gland and other tissues is discussed.
Subject(s)
Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism , Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry , Xanthine Dehydrogenase/chemistry , Animals , Butyrophilins , Cattle , Cytoplasm/metabolism , Dimerization , Female , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C3H , Milk , Protein Binding , Protein Structure, TertiaryABSTRACT
Butyrophilin 1a1 (Btn1a1), which is a member of the Ig superfamily, is highly expressed in the lactating mammary gland and is secreted into milk in association with lipid droplets. To determine the potential function of Btn1a1 in milk secretion, we ablated Btn1a1 in mice and analyzed the lactation phenotype of homozygous (Btn1a1(-/-)) animals. Two mutant mouse lines were generated in which expression of Btn1a1 was either disrupted or eliminated, respectively. The regulated secretion of milk-lipid droplets was severely compromised in both mutant mouse lines in comparison to wild-type animals. Large pools of triacylglycerol accumulated in the cytoplasm of secretory cells, and lipid droplets escaped from the apical surface with disrupted outer membranes. Luminal spaces became engorged with unstable lipid droplets, which coalesced to form large aggregates. The amount of lipid (wt/vol) was elevated, on average by 50%, during the first 10 days of lactation, and the diameter of the droplets was up to seven times larger than the normal diameter. In contrast, there was no significant difference between wild-type and null animals in the relative amounts of skim-milk proteins secreted from Golgi-derived secretory vesicles. Approximately half the pups suckling Btn1a1(-/-) animals died within the first 20 days, and weaning weights for the surviving pups were 60-80% of those suckling wild-type mice. Thus, expression of Btn1a1 is essential for the regulated secretion of milk-lipid droplets. We speculate that Btn1a1 functions either as a structural protein or as a signaling receptor by binding to xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase.