Characterization of Typhoid Intestinal Perforation in Africa: Results From the Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program.

Background: Typhoid intestinal perforation (TIP) remains the most serious complication of typhoid fever. In many countries, the diagnosis of TIP relies on intraoperative identification, as blood culture and pathology capacity remain limited. As a result, many cases of TIP may not be reported as typhoid. This study demonstrates the burden of TIP in sites in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria. Methods: Patients with clinical suspicion of nontraumatic intestinal perforation were enrolled and demographic details, clinical findings, surgical records, blood cultures, tissue biopsies, and peritoneal fluid were collected. Participants were then classified as having confirmed TIP, probable TIP, possible TIP, or clinical intestinal perforation based on surgical descriptions and cultures. Results: A total of 608 participants were investigated for nontraumatic intestinal perforation; 214 (35%) participants had surgically-confirmed TIP and 33 participants (5%) had culture-confirmed typhoid. The overall proportion of blood or surgical site Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi positivity in surgically verified TIP cases was 10.3%. TIP was high in children aged 5-14 years in DRC, Ghana, and Nigeria. We provide evidence for correlation between monthly case counts of S. Typhi and the occurrence of intestinal perforation. Conclusions: Low S. Typhi culture positivity rates, as well as a lack of blood and tissue culture capability in many regions where typhoid remains endemic, significantly underestimate the true burden of typhoid fever. The occurrence of TIP may indicate underlying typhoid burden, particularly in countries with limited culture capability.

Clinicopathologic Features of Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma and Treatment Outcomes in Ibadan, Nigeria: A 10-year Review.

The objectives of this study were to describe the clinicopathologic features and treatment outcomes of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma in a resource-constrained setting. All cases of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma seen over a 10-year period (July 2006 to June 2016) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria were reviewed. Data were extracted from the database of the pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit of the hospital and analyzed. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Fifty children were seen comprising 30 men and 20 women with bimodal ages of 4 and 5 years. Median duration of illness was 16 weeks and the most common primary tumor site was the head-and-neck region in 27 (54%) of cases. The histologic subtypes were embryonal in 30 (60%), alveolar in 9 (18%), and not specified in 11 (22%). The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study group TNM Pretreatment stages were stage I in 15 (30%), stage III in 17 (34%), and stage IV in 18 (36%). Treatment included chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy and abandoned in 20 (40%) cases. Median survival was 45 weeks (95% confidence interval: 16.4-73.6) and 5 (10%) patients were alive and disease free, 4 years or more after diagnosis. Outcome of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is poor and early diagnosis and improved access to treatment are recommended.

Clinical predictors and outcome of bowel resection in paediatric intussusception.

INTRODUCTION: Surgery remains the mainstay in treating intussusception in developing countries, with a correspondingly high bowel resection rate despite a shift to non-operative reduction in high-income countries. OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with bowel resection and the outcomes of resection in childhood intussusception. METHODS: A review of children with intussusception between January 2006 and December 2015 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The patients were categorized based on the need for bowel resection and analysis done using the SPSS version 23. RESULTS: 121 children were managed for intussusception during this period. 53 (43.8%) had bowel resection, 61 (50.4%) did not require resection and 7 (5.8%) were unknown. 40 (75.5%) of the resections were right hemi-colectomy. The presence of fever, abdominal pain, distension, rectal mass, age < 12 months, heart rate > 145/min and duration of symptoms > 2 days were associated with the need for bowel resection (p < 0.05). However, only age and abdominal pain independently predicted need for resection. Bowel resection was more associated with development of post-operative complications and prolonged hospital stay (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Infants presenting with abdominal pain and abdominal distension after two days of onset of symptoms were more likely to require bowel resection. Resection in intussusception significantly increased post-operative complications and length of hospital stay.

Spindle Epithelial Tumor of Thymus-like Differentiation (SETTLE) in a 3-year-old African girl.

Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE) is a rare tumor of the thyroid gland occurring in children and young adults. This report presents SETTLE as a tumor that can also affect young children (under fives). Although majority of the reports were in Caucasians, the tumor can affect all races.

Spectrum of colorectal surgery operations performed in a single paediatric surgery unit in sub-Saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal surgery is a budding subspecialty of paediatric surgery and typifies the advances in the management of surgical conditions in children. The colorectal burden in resource poor settings, though reported to be challenging, remains undocumented. The aim of the present study was to review the typical operative paediatric colorectal caseload in a single centre in sub-Saharan Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the operative records of the division was conducted between 2009 and 2013. Data were obtained on the demography, diagnosis, procedure performed and type of anaesthesia used; entered into a computer using SPSS (IBM Corp; Armonk, NY) and analysed. RESULTS: A total of 120 colorectal operations were performed in 90 patients with age ranging from 1 to 13 years. The major diagnoses were anorectal malformations (64.4%) and Hirschsprung disease (HD) (31.1%). The most often performed operations were colostomy (45.0%), posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (17.5%) and pull through (17.5%). The number of colorectal operations performed each year ranged from 12 in 2009 to 36 in 2012. A higher proportion of patients with anorectal malformations (46.6%) presented within the neonatal period compared with those with HD (17.9%), P = 0.005. The age at definitive surgery was less in patients with anorectal malformations compared to patients with HD (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital malformations represent the bulk of the caseload in paediatric colorectal surgery in sub-Saharan Africa and patients typically present late; although patients with anorectal malformations present and are operated upon significantly earlier than those with HD.

Intestinal stenosis caused by perinatal intussusception in a full-term neonate.

Perinatal intussusception is rare, but can be seen in both premature and full-term neonates. The symptoms and signs are similar to those seen in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), causing the diagnosis of intussusception to be delayed. We report a case of intussusception that presented with features suggestive of NEC in a 3.4-kg, full-term female neonate. Diagnosis of intussusception was made with a plain abdominal x-ray and abdominal ultrasound. During surgery, an ileocolic intussusception with intestinal stenosis was found. Although intestinal stenosis and atresia are commonly found in premature infants, these entities can also occur in a full-term infant. Early diagnosis is needed to reduce the high morbidity and mortality in these infants.