ABSTRACT
An aplyronine A-swinholide A hybrid, consisting of the macrolactone part of aplyronine A and the side chain part of swinholide A, was designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated. This hybrid induced protein-protein interactions between two major cytoskeletal proteins actin and tubulin in the same manner as aplyronine A, and exhibited potent cytotoxicity and actin-depolymerizing activity. The importance of the methoxy group in the N,N,O-trimethylserine ester was clarified by the structure-activity relationship studies of the amino acid moiety by using the hybrid analogs. Furthermore, the comparison of the actin-depolymerizing activities between the side chain analogs of aplyronine A and swinholide A showed that the side chain analog of swinholide A had much weaker actin-depolymerizing activity than that of aplyronine A.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Macrolides , Actins/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , HeLa Cells , Humans , Macrolides/chemistry , Macrolides/pharmacology , Marine Toxins , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
An aplyronine A-swinholide A hybrid, consisting of the macrolactone part of aplyronine A and the side chain part of swinholide A, was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for biological activities. The hybrid retained strong cytotoxicity and actin-depolymerizing activity. In addition, the hybrid induced protein-protein interactions (PPI) between actin and tubulin in the manner of aplyronine A.
Subject(s)
Actins/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Macrolides/pharmacology , Marine Toxins/pharmacology , Tubulin/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , HeLa Cells , Humans , Macrolides/chemical synthesis , Macrolides/chemistry , Marine Toxins/chemical synthesis , Marine Toxins/chemistry , Molecular Conformation , Protein Binding , Stereoisomerism , Tubulin Modulators/chemical synthesis , Tubulin Modulators/chemistry , Tubulin Modulators/pharmacologyABSTRACT
We present a new approach for online incremental word acquisition and grammar learning by humanoid robots. Using no data set provided in advance, the proposed system grounds language in a physical context, as mediated by its perceptual capacities. It is carried out using show-and-tell procedures, interacting with its human partner. Moreover, this procedure is open-ended for new words and multiword utterances. These facilities are supported by a self-organizing incremental neural network, which can execute online unsupervised classification and topology learning. Embodied with a mental imagery, the system also learns by both top-down and bottom-up processes, which are the syntactic structures that are contained in utterances. Thereby, it performs simple grammar learning. Under such a multimodal scheme, the robot is able to describe online a given physical context (both static and dynamic) through natural language expressions. It can also perform actions through verbal interactions with its human partner.
Subject(s)
Biomimetics/methods , Cybernetics/methods , Natural Language Processing , Neural Networks, Computer , Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods , Robotics/methods , Speech Recognition Software , Algorithms , Artificial Intelligence , HumansABSTRACT
An enhanced self-organizing incremental neural network (ESOINN) is proposed to accomplish online unsupervised learning tasks. It improves the self-organizing incremental neural network (SOINN) [Shen, F., Hasegawa, O. (2006a). An incremental network for on-line unsupervised classification and topology learning. Neural Networks, 19, 90-106] in the following respects: (1) it adopts a single-layer network to take the place of the two-layer network structure of SOINN; (2) it separates clusters with high-density overlap; (3) it uses fewer parameters than SOINN; and (4) it is more stable than SOINN. The experiments for both the artificial dataset and the real-world dataset also show that ESOINN works better than SOINN.
