Hepatic steatosis evidenced by computed tomography in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have common pathological links. This study investigates the prognostic impact of NAFLD assessed as hepatic steatosis (HS) by computed tomography (CT) in AMI patients and explores the mechanistic role of NAFLD in cardiovascular (CV) events using coronary angioscopy (CAS). METHODS: We retrospectively examined 342 AMI patients who underwent CT followed by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between January 2014 and December 2019. HS was defined as a hepatic to spleen attenuation ratio of <1.0 on CT scans. Major cardiac events (MCE) included cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, target-vessel revascularization, and target-lesion revascularization. RESULTS: HS was identified in 88 patients (26 %). Patients with HS were significantly younger, had a higher body mass index, and higher hemoglobin A1c, triglyceride, and malondialdehyde low-density lipoprotein levels (all p < 0.05). MCE occurred more frequently [27 (30.7 %) vs. 39 (15.4 %), p = 0.001] in the HS group than in the non-HS group. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of HS was an independent predictor of MCE after adjusting for metabolic risk factor and liver function markers. Among the 74 patients who underwent CAS for a median of 15 days after primary PCI, 51 (69 %) had intrastent thrombus, which was strongly associated with the presence of HS [18 (35 %) vs. 1 (4 %), p = 0.005]. CONCLUSIONS: AMI patients with NAFLD detected by CT often had CAS-derived intrastent thrombi and were at a high risk for CV events. Therefore, these patients should be carefully monitored.

Protective effect of the Impella on the left ventricular function after acute broad anterior wall ST elevation myocardial infarctions with cardiogenic shock: cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging strain analysis.

BACKGROUND: The clinical efficacy of the Impella for high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and cardiogenic shock remains under debate. We thus sought to investigate the protective effects on the heart with the Impella's early use pre-PCI using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the difference in the subacute phase CMR imaging results (19 ± 9 days after admission) between patients undergoing an Impella (n = 7) or not (non-Impella group: n = 18 [12 intra-aortic balloon pumps (1 plus veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and 6 no mechanical circulation systems]) in broad anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) cases. A mechanical circulation system was implanted pre-PCI. RESULTS: No differences were found in the door-to-balloon time, peak creatine kinase, and hospital admission days between the Impella and non-Impella groups; however, the CMRI-derived left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly greater (45 ± 13% vs. 34 ± 7.6%, P = 0.034) and end-diastolic and systolic volumes smaller in the Impella group (149 ± 29 vs. 187 ± 41 mL, P = 0.006: 80 ± 29 vs. 121 ± 40 mL, P = 0.012). Although the global longitudinal peak strain did not differ, the global radial (GRS) and circumferential peak strain (GCS) were significantly higher in the IMPELLA than non-IMPELLA group. Greater systolic and diastolic strain rates (SRs) in the Impella than non-Impella group were observed in non-infarcted rather than infarcted areas. CONCLUSIONS: Early implantation of an Impella before PCIs for STEMIs sub-acutely prevented cardiac dysfunction through preserving the GRS, GCS, and systolic and diastolic SRs in the remote myocardium. This study provided mechanistic insight into understanding the usefulness of the Impella to prevent future heart failure.

Prognostic Significance of a Combination of Cardiogenic Shock and the Critical Culprit Lesion Location in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarctions.

Both cardiogenic shock (CS) and critical culprit lesion locations (CCLLs), defined as the left main trunk and proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, are associated with worse outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs). We aimed to examine how the combination of CS and/or CCLLs affected the prognosis in Japanese STEMI patients in the primary percutaneous coronary intervention era (PPCI-era). The subjects included 624 STEMI patients admitted to our hospital between January 2013 and April 2020. They were divided into four groups according to the combination of CS and CCLLs: CS (-) CCLL (-) group [n = 405], CS (-) CCLL (+) group [n = 150], CS (+) CCLL (-) group [n = 25], and CS (+) CCLL (+) group [n = 44]. The cumulative incidences of all-cause death at 30 days and 1 year were 3.5% and 6.4% in the CS (-) CCLL (-), 3.3% and 5.6% in the CS (-) CCLL (+), 32.0% and 32.0% in the CS (+) CCLL (-), and 50.0% and 65.9% in the CS (+) CCLL (+) group, respectively. After a multivariate adjustment, the CS (+) CCLL (+) group was independently associated with all-cause death (hazard ratio: 17.00, 95% confidence interval: 7.12-40.59 versus the CS (-) CCLL (-) group). In the CS (+) CCLL (+) group, compared to years 2013-2017, the IMPELLA begun to be used (44.4% versus 0%), and intra-aortic balloon pumps significantly decreased (44.4% versus 92.3%) during years 2018-2020, while the medications upon discharge did not significantly differ. The 30-day mortality was numerically lower during years 2018-2020 than years 2013-2017 (Log-rank test, P = 0.092). In conclusion, the prognosis of STEMIs varies greatly depending on the combination of CS and CCLLs, and in particular, patients with both CS and CCLLs had the poorest prognosis during the modern PPCI-era.

Absence of coronary angioscopy-derived in-stent thrombi is associated with major bleeding events in acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for acute myocardial infarction is controversial because the bleeding risk outweighs the thromboembolic risk. We hypothesized that an in-stent thrombus (IS-thrombus) detected by coronary angioscopy (CAS) after stent implantation would be associated with high bleeding risk. METHODS: This study included 208 patients who underwent CAS at 2 weeks after stent implantation for an acute myocardial infarction. The study was approved by the ethics committee at the Nihon University Itabashi Hospital (reference number RK-200714-10). RESULTS: In 84 patients, in whom no IS-thrombus was identified in the culprit vessel using CAS, the major bleeding event rate was significantly higher than that in patients with IS-thrombi (n = 124). However, no difference was detected in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; stroke, hospitalization for a non-fatal myocardial infarction/unstable angina, target lesion revascularization, and cardiovascular death). After adjustments by the propensity score based on patient characteristics, the absence of IS-thrombi remained an independent predictor of major bleeding events (hazard ratio 4.73, 95% confidence interval 2.04-11.00, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The absence of CAS-detected IS-thrombi in the subacute phase was independently associated with future major bleeding events, but not with MACE. These findings may help optimize the duration of dual antiplatelet therapy.

High Wall Shear Stress Is Related to Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture in the Aortic Arch of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Study with Computational Fluid Dynamics Model and Non-Obstructive General Angioscopy.

AIMS: Wall shear stress (WSS) has been considered a major determinant of aortic atherosclerosis. Recently, non-obstructive general angioscopy (NOGA) was developed to visualize various atherosclerotic pathologies, including in vivo ruptured plaque (RP) in the aorta. However, the relationship between aortic RP and WSS distribution within the aortic wall is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aortic NOGA-derived RP and the stereographic distribution of WSS by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) angiography. METHODS: We investigated 45 consecutive patients who underwent 3D-CT before coronary angiography and NOGA during coronary angiography. WSS in the aortic arch was measured by CFD analysis based on the finite element method using uniform inlet and outlet flow conditions. Aortic RP was detected by NOGA. RESULTS: Patients with a distinct RP showed a significantly higher maximum WSS value in the aortic arch than those without aortic RP (56.2±30.6 Pa vs 36.2±19.8 Pa, p=0.017), no significant difference was noted in the mean WSS between those with and without aortic RP. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the presence of a maximum WSS value more than a specific value was a significant predictor of aortic RP (odds ratio 7.21, 95% confidence interval 1.78-37.1,p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Aortic RP detected by NOGA was strongly associated with a higher maximum WSS in the aortic arch derived by CFD using 3D-CT. The maximum WSS value may have an important role in the underlying mechanism of not only aortic atherosclerosis, but also aortic RP.