ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Many patients on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure suffer from progressive anemia. In hemodialysis patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, endoscopic examination often fails to identify hemorrhagic lesions. We surveyed hemodialysis patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) for the presence of intestinal lesions by capsule endoscopy (CE). METHODS: Among 90 patients who underwent CE, 13 had hemodialysis-related anemia (8 men and 5 women, age 66.5 ± 7.9 years, Hb 8.8 ± 1.9 g/dL, mean ± SD) and 77 had non-hemodialysis anemia (47 men and 30 women, age 55.7 ± 19.9 years, Hb of 11.9 ± 3.1 g/dL). The types and distribution of hemorrhagic lesions were investigated by CE. All patients had signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding but no active bleeding site was detected by endoscopy. The CE-observed lesions were classified into reddening, erosions/ulcers, vascular lesions, and tumors. The characteristic features of each lesion and patient demographic data were compared. RESULTS: Vascular lesions were significantly more frequent in the hemodialysis group than in the controls (p<0.001). Reddening was observed in all patients of the hemodialysis group and mainly found in the ileum. Erosions/ulcers were observed in 4 patients (30.7%) and were more frequent in the jejunum. Vascular lesions were observed in 8 patients (61.5%) and they were more frequent in the ileum. A submucosal tumor was seen in one patient. There were no significant differences in demographic factors between patients with erosions/ulcers and those with a vascular lesion. CONCLUSION: Vascular lesions are common in anemic hemodialysis patients with OGIB and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anemia in patients on hemodialysis with OGIB.
Subject(s)
Capsule Endoscopy , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Anemia/etiology , Female , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Humans , Intestinal Diseases/etiology , Intestine, Small , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Iodine-induced hypothyroidism that develops in patients who gargle routinely with povidone iodine is well known. Usually the hypothyroidism is mild and resolves spontaneously upon cessation of gargling. Here, we report a 63-year-old patient with overt hypothyroidism that developed due to habitual gargling with povidone iodine for more than 10 years. The urinary excretion of iodine was estimated to be greater than 5 mg/day, based on values obtained from 18 normal subjects who gargled three times a day (4.6+/-2.1 mg, mean+/-SD). After discontinuation of the gargling, the patient has been euthyroid for more than 10 months.
