Subject(s)
2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles/adverse effects , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Ulcer Agents/adverse effects , Disopyramide/adverse effects , Long QT Syndrome/chemically induced , Torsades de Pointes/chemically induced , Aged , Female , Gastroesophageal Reflux/drug therapy , Gastroesophageal Reflux/physiopathology , Humans , LansoprazoleABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in adipose tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated metabolic disorders. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, which integrate proinflammatory cytokines, have been demonstrated in the atherosclerotic lesions and in visceral adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether NKT cells are involved in glucose intolerance and adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obese mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male beta(2)-microglobulin knockout (KO) mice lacking NKT cells and C57BL/6J (wild-type) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 13 weeks [corrected]. Body weight and visceral obesity were comparable between wild-type and KO mice. However, macrophage infiltration was reduced in adipose tissue and glucose intolerance was significantly ameliorated in KO mice. To further confirm that NKT cells are involved in these abnormalities, alpha-galactosylceramide, 0.1 microg/g body weight, which specifically activates NKT cells, was administered after 13 weeks of HFD feeding. alpha-Galactosylceramide significantly exacerbated glucose intolerance and macrophage infiltration as well as cytokine gene expression in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS: NKT cells play a crucial role in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obesity.
Subject(s)
Glucose Intolerance/immunology , Inflammation/immunology , Intra-Abdominal Fat/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation , Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology , Obesity/immunology , Animals , Cytokines/genetics , Dietary Fats , Disease Models, Animal , Galactosylceramides/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation , Glucose Intolerance/physiopathology , Inflammation/physiopathology , Intra-Abdominal Fat/drug effects , Intra-Abdominal Fat/physiopathology , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects , Obesity/complications , Obesity/physiopathology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Time Factors , beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency , beta 2-Microglobulin/geneticsABSTRACT
AIM: Cardiovascular events associated with hypertension often involve thrombosis. Increased platelet activity is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Antithrombotic properties of antihypertensive agents are not fully characterized. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used for the treatment of hypertension. Some ARBs can provoke antiaggregatory effects on platelets in vitro. Whether ARBs can inhibit platelet aggregation was tested in hypertensive patients in vivo. METHODS: Platelet aggregation was assessed by the highly sensitive particle counting method using laser-light scattering. RESULTS: Large platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 3 microM) was 2.6+/-0.4 (x10(7)) (SE) in hypertensive patients treated with losartan (72+/-3 years old, n=10) while it was 3.9+/-0.6 in hypertensive patients treated with candesartan (70+/-5 years old, n=6; p=0.056). Large platelet aggregation induced by thromboxane A2 receptor agonist, U46619 (10 microM), was 2.8+/-0.5 (x10(7)) in hypertensive patients treated with losartan while it was 5.1+/-0.9 in hypertensive patients treated with candesartan (p=0.033). Clinical characteristics including the control of blood pressure did not differ between the two groups (losartan 136+/-5/73+/-3 mmHg vs. candesartan 135+/-4/76+/-5). CONCLUSION: Thus, losartan may have the possibility to inhibit platelet activation in patients with hypertension independent of blood pressure reduction. Antiaggregatory properties may be independent of angiotensin II type 1 receptor or of antihypertensive actions. The favorable effects of losartan on reduction of adverse cardiovascular events among hypertensive patients may be at least partly mediated by inhibition of platelet activation.
