Vaccines and the Eye: Current Understanding of the Molecular and Immunological Effects of Vaccination on the Eye.

Vaccination is a public health cornerstone that protects against numerous infectious diseases. Despite its benefits, immunization implications on ocular health warrant thorough investigation, particularly in the context of vaccine-induced ocular inflammation. This review aimed to elucidate the complex interplay between vaccination and the eye, focusing on the molecular and immunological pathways implicated in vaccine-associated ocular adverse effects. Through an in-depth analysis of recent advancements and the existing literature, we explored various mechanisms of vaccine-induced ocular inflammation, such as direct infection by live attenuated vaccines, immune complex formation, adjuvant-induced autoimmunity, molecular mimicry, hypersensitivity reactions, PEG-induced allergic reactions, Type 1 IFN activation, free extracellular RNA, and specific components. We further examined the specific ocular conditions associated with vaccination, such as uveitis, optic neuritis, and retinitis, and discussed the potential impact of novel vaccines, including those against SARS-CoV-2. This review sheds light on the intricate relationships between vaccination, the immune system, and ocular tissues, offering insights into informed discussions and future research directions aimed at optimizing vaccine safety and ophthalmological care. Our analysis underscores the importance of vigilance and further research to understand and mitigate the ocular side effects of vaccines, thereby ensuring the continued success of vaccination programs, while preserving ocular health.

Temporal Protrusion of the Optic Disc Implicated in Central Visual Field Abnormalities in High Myopia: Two Case Reports.

Introduction: Severe central visual field defects are frequently observed in highly myopic eyes. This report details 2 cases of central visual field defects in individuals with high myopia, characterized by an unusual temporal protrusion of the optic disc, a feature not previously documented. Case Presentation: Two patients, a 54-year-old man and a 65-year-old woman, were diagnosed with high myopia in their left eyes, displaying an outward protrusion of the optic disc toward the macula. Swept-source optical coherence tomography revealed a focal lamina cribrosa defect at the temporal edge of the protruding optic disc, corresponding to the papillomacular bundle area of retinal nerve fibers, which exhibited thinning around the focal lamina cribrosa defect. Visual field examination indicated a central visual field defect in the affected eyes, which pattern corresponded to the papillomacular bundle responsible area. Conclusion: The emergence of a temporal protrusion in the optic disc may lead to a focal lamina cribrosa defect, resulting in a central visual field defect in highly myopic eyes. This distinctive optic disc feature may constitute a critical risk factor for a central visual field defect. Hence, optic disc protrusion in high myopia warrants attention, necessitating careful ophthalmic examinations for central visual field defects.

Ripasudil as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Treating Secondary Glaucoma in HTLV-1-Uveitis: An In Vitro Analysis.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a virus that affects 5-10 million people globally, causes several diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated uveitis (HU). HU is prevalent in Japan and often leads to secondary glaucoma, which is a serious complication. We investigated the efficacy of ripasudil, a Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase inhibitor, in alleviating changes in human trabecular meshwork cells (hTM cells) infected with HTLV-1. HTLV-1-infected hTM cells were modeled in vitro using MT-2 cells, followed by treatment with varying concentrations of ripasudil. We assessed changes in cell morphology, viability, and inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as NF-κB activation. The results showed that ripasudil treatment changed the cell morphology, reduced the distribution of F-actin and fibronectin, and decreased the levels of certain inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-12. However, ripasudil did not significantly affect NF-κB activation or overall cell viability. These findings suggest that ripasudil has the potential to treat secondary glaucoma in patients with HU by modulating cytoskeletal organization and alleviating inflammation in HTLV-1-infected hTM cells. This study lays the foundation for further clinical studies exploring the effectiveness of ripasudil for the treatment of secondary glaucoma associated with HU.

Polarization-Sensitive OCT Imaging of Scleral Abnormalities in Eyes With High Myopia and Dome-Shaped Macula.

Importance: The relevance of visualizing scleral fiber orientation may offer insights into the pathogenesis of pathologic myopia, including dome-shaped maculopathy (DSM). Objective: To investigate the orientation and density of scleral collagen fibers in highly myopic eyes with and without DSM by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). Design, Setting, and Participants: This case series included patients with highly myopic eyes (defined as a refractive error ≥6 diopters or an axial length ≥26.5 mm) with and without a DSM examined at a single site in May and June 2019. Analysis was performed from September 2019 to October 2023. Exposures: The PS-OCT was used to study the birefringence and optic axis of the scleral collagen fibers. Main Outcomes and Measures: The orientation and optic axis of scleral fibers in inner and outer layers of highly myopic eyes were assessed, and the results were compared between eyes with and without a DSM. Results: A total of 72 patients (51 [70.8%] female; mean [SD] age, 61.5 [12.8] years) were included, and 89 highly myopic eyes were examined (mean [SD] axial length, 30.4 [1.7] mm); 52 (58.4%) did not have a DSM and 37 (41.6%) had a DSM (10 bidirectional [27.0%] and 27 horizontal [73.0%]). Among the 52 eyes without DSM, the 13 eyes with simple high myopia had primarily inner sclera visible, displaying radially oriented fibers in optic axis images. In contrast, the entire thickness of the sclera was visible in 39 eyes with pathologic myopia. In these eyes, the optic axis images showed vertically oriented fibers within the outer sclera. Eyes presenting with both horizontal and bidirectional DSMs had clusters of fibers with low birefringence at the site of the DSM. In the optic axis images, horizontally or obliquely oriented scleral fibers were aggregated in the inner layer at the DSM. The vertical fibers located posterior to the inner fiber aggregation were not thickened and appeared thin compared with the surrounding areas. Conclusions and Relevance: This study using PS-OCT revealed inner scleral fiber aggregation without outer scleral thickening at the site of the DSM in highly myopic eyes. Given the common occurrence of scleral pathologies, such as DSM, and staphylomas in eyes with pathologic myopia, recognizing these fiber patterns could be important. These insights may be relevant to developing targeted therapies to address scleral abnormalities early and, thus, mitigate potential damage to the overlying neural tissue.

Central serous chorioretinopathy: An evidence-based treatment guideline.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a relatively common disease that causes vision loss due to macular subretinal fluid leakage and it is often associated with reduced vision-related quality of life. In CSC, the leakage of subretinal fluid through defects in the retinal pigment epithelial layer's outer blood-retina barrier appears to occur secondary to choroidal abnormalities and dysfunction. The treatment of CSC is currently the subject of controversy, although recent data obtained from several large randomized controlled trials provide a wealth of new information that can be used to establish a treatment algorithm. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding regarding the pathogenesis of CSC, current therapeutic strategies, and an evidence-based treatment guideline for CSC. In acute CSC, treatment can often be deferred for up to 3-4 months after diagnosis; however, early treatment with either half-dose or half-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the photosensitive dye verteporfin may be beneficial in selected cases. In chronic CSC, half-dose or half-fluence PDT, which targets the abnormal choroid, should be considered the preferred treatment. If PDT is unavailable, chronic CSC with focal, non-central leakage on angiography may be treated using conventional laser photocoagulation. CSC with concurrent macular neovascularization should be treated with half-dose/half-fluence PDT and/or intravitreal injections of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor compound. Given the current shortage of verteporfin and the paucity of evidence supporting the efficacy of other treatment options, future studies-ideally, well-designed randomized controlled trials-are needed in order to evaluate new treatment options for CSC.

Effects of Deep Optic Nerve Head Structures on Bruch's Membrane Opening- Minimum Rim Width and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer.

PURPOSE: To explore the effects of deep optic nerve head (ONH) structures on Bruch's membrane opening (BMO)-minimum rim width (MRW) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) in healthy eyes. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: Two hundred five healthy eyes of 141 subjects (mean ± standard deviation of age and axial length (AXL): 46.9 ± 10.0 years and 24.79 ± 1.15 mm) were enrolled. Best fit multivariable linear mixed models identified factors associated with BMO-MRW and pRNFLT. Explanatory variables included age, gender, AXL, BMO and anterior scleral canal opening (ASCO) area and ovality, magnitude of BMO and ASCO shift, peripapillary choroidal thickness, lamina cribrosa (LC) parameters, prelaminar thickness, and peripapillary scleral (PPS) angle. RESULTS: Thinner BMO-MRW was associated with older age, smaller ASCO/BMO offset magnitude, larger BMO area, thinner prelaminar thickness, deeper LC, and thinner pRNFLT (P = .011, <.001, .004, <.001, <.001, <.001 respectively). Thinner pRNFLT was associated with shorter AXL, smaller ASCO area, a more posteriorly bowed PPS, shallower LC and thinner BMO-MRW. (P = .030, .002, .035, .012, <.001 respectively) CONCLUSIONS: BMO-MRW and pRNFLT were influenced by several deep ONH structures such as BMO and ASCO position shift, BMO or ASCO area, prelaminar thickness, PPS bowing and LC depth in addition to patient characteristics such as age and AXL. The degree and/or direction of associations varied between deep ONH structures and BMO-MRW or pRNFLT. Despite both BMO-MRW and pRNFLT being surrogate parameters for RGC loss, a complex relationship with ONH deep-layer morphology was indicated.

Using choroidal thickness to detect myopic macular degeneration.

AIM: To explore the usage of choroidal thickness measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to detect myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in high myopic participants. METHODS: Participants with bilateral high myopia (≤-6 diopters) were recruited from a subset of the Guangzhou Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center-Brien Holden Vision Institute High Myopia Cohort Study. SS-OCT was performed to determine the choroidal thickness, and myopic maculopathy was graded by the International Meta-Analysis for Pathologic Myopia (META-PM) Classification. Presence of MMD was defined as META-PM category 2 or above. RESULTS: A total of 568 right eyes were included for analysis. Eyes with MMD (n=106, 18.7%) were found to have older age, longer axial lengths (AL), higher myopic spherical equivalents (SE), and reduced choroidal thickness in each Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid sector (P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC) for subfoveal choroidal thickness (0.907) was greater than that of the model, including age, AL, and SE at 0.6249, 0.8208, and 0.8205, respectively. The choroidal thickness of the inner and outer nasal sectors was the most accurate indicator of MMD (AUC of 0.928 and 0.923, respectively). An outer nasal sector choroidal thickness of less than 74 µm demonstrated the highest odds of predicting MMD (OR=33.8). CONCLUSION: Choroidal thickness detects the presence of MMD with high agreement, particularly of the inner and outer nasal sectors of the posterior pole, which appears to be a biometric parameter more precise than age, AL, or SE.

Long Vax in the Eye: Long Post-COVID Vaccination Syndrome Presenting with Frosted Branch Angiitis.

mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have been reported as protecting against COVID-19 and reducing its severity, and we have recognized post-vaccination symptoms recently. This research investigates the clinical trajectories of ocular disorders in a 51-year-old female who received a second dose of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Exhibiting fever and blurred vision within 24 h post-vaccination, with progressive blurry vision over two months, she underwent in-depth ophthalmologic examinations, revealing intraocular cellular infiltration in anterior chamber, vitreous opacity, and frosted branch angiitis in both eyes. Comprehensive evaluations, including systemic workups as well as ocular and blood specimen analyses, excluded autoimmune and infectious etiologies, consolidating the diagnosis of vaccine-induced ocular inflammation. Despite adherence to prevailing therapeutic protocols, her condition showed no significant improvement over 18 months, pointing to a possible long post-COVID vaccination syndrome. Such persistent sequelae underscore the need for detailed studies to discern the interactions between vaccine-induced immune responses and the development of post-vaccination sequelae. Continual documentation of patients with long post-COVID vaccination syndrome is now essential to better understand the vaccine's immunological effects, aiding in improving global vaccination strategies.

Interocular difference in crystalline lens morphology in children and adolescents with unilateral high myopia.

PURPOSE: To investigate the between-eye differences of the crystalline lens in subjects with unilateral high myopia and assess its contribution to the interocular refractive error disparity. METHODS: Children and adolescents with unilateral high myopia, defined as cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ -5D in one eye and ≥ -3D in the other eye, were recruited. Ocular biometric parameters, including axial length (AL) and lens thickness (LT), were measured by IOLMaster 700. Other lens-related parameters, including anterior lens radius of curvature (ALR) and posterior lens radius of curvature (PLR), were measured by CASIA2 swept-source optical coherence tomography. Lens power (LP) was calculated using Bennett's formula. Paired t-test was used to assess the between-eye difference in biometric parameters, and multiple regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with the between-eye SE difference. RESULTS: Ninety-one participants (6-18 years of age; 52.75% girls) were included. The highly myopic eyes showed significantly lower LP (P < 0.001) and smaller ALR (P < 0.001) than the contralateral eyes, while no significant difference was found in central LT. In both eyes, ALR was significantly related to SE (P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively); while LT was not associated with SE (P = 0.051 and P = 0.052, respectively). Paired-eye analysis showed that the between-eye difference in ALR was the only lenticular parameter significantly associated with the between-eye difference in SE (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: In highly myopic eyes, the crystalline lens reduced total power but morphologically changed to a more curved shape without significant lens thinning, suggesting that the LP loss is mainly achieved by reducing its internal power in high myopes.

Optic neuropathy in high myopia: Glaucoma or high myopia or both?

Due to the increasing prevalence of high myopia around the world, structural and functional damages to the optic nerve in high myopia has recently attracted much attention. Evidence has shown that high myopia is related to the development of glaucomatous or glaucoma-like optic neuropathy, and that both have many common features. These similarities often pose a diagnostic challenge that will affect the future management of glaucoma suspects in high myopia. In this review, we summarize similarities and differences in optic neuropathy arising from non-pathologic high myopia and glaucoma by considering their respective structural and functional characteristics on fundus photography, optical coherence tomography scanning, and visual field tests. These features may also help to distinguish the underlying mechanisms of the optic neuropathies and to determine management strategies for patients with high myopia and glaucoma.

Characteristics and Prevalence of Staphyloma Edges at Different Ages in Highly Myopic Eyes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of staphyloma edges in highly myopic eyes and how they progress. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using baseline data and a longitudinal study with follow-up data from 256 patients (447 eyes) with high myopia, with a mean (SD) follow-up of 3.79 (0.78) years. Participants were divided into four age groups: children (<13), youth (13-24), mature (25-59), and elderly (>60). Ultrawide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography was used to analyze staphyloma edges, which were divided into four areas: nasal to the optic disc (OD), superior to the macula, inferior to the macula, and temporal to the macula. Results: Staphylomas were significantly more prevalent in the mature (42.49%) and the elderly (51.35%) groups than in the children (13%) and youth (9%) groups. Staphyloma edges were predominantly superior to the macula in the mature and elderly groups. In contrast, staphylomas were rare in children and youth, with their edges mainly located nasal to the OD. The edges of staphylomas located superior and temporal to the macula were more likely to be associated with myopic traction maculopathy. During the follow-up period, 11 new staphyloma edges developed primarily in the mature group (64%). Additionally, 12 edges had an increased degree of protrusion over time, with most cases occurring in the mature (75%) group. Conclusions: The prevalence and location of staphyloma edges show significant variations depending on age. As time progresses, staphyloma edges manifest at distinct sites and increase their protrusion, potentially playing a role in the emergence of fundus complications.

LONGITUDINAL CHANGES OF POSTERIOR VORTEX VEINS IN HIGHLY MYOPIC EYES DETERMINED BY RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSES OF INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAMS.

PURPOSE: To assess the longitudinal changes of the posterior vortex veins (VVs) in highly myopic (HM) eyes. METHODS: The medical records of 1,730 consecutive HM eyes that had undergone indocyanine green angiography were studied. Eyes that had posterior VVs and had undergone at least two indocyanine green angiography examinations with a minimum interval of 3 years were selected from this group. RESULTS: Ninety-one eyes of 78 patients met the inclusion criteria. A total of 124 posterior VVs were identified. Over an average interval of 7.8 ± 5.0 years, 41 (33.1%) of the 124 posterior VVs had marked changes consisting mainly of an attenuation of vessels in 36 posterior VVs (87.8%) and alterations in the drainage course in 16 posterior VVs (39.0%). Fifteen posterior VVs had both types of changes. Most of the attenuations of the vessels occurred for smaller branches, but a complete loss of the entire trunk was seen in three eyes. Additionally, four eyes had posterior VV changes in association with changes of peripheral VVs. CONCLUSION: Posterior VV in highly myopic eyes can undergo changes with increasing time. The associated factors included the development and progression of myopic maculopathy lesions. In some cases, the blood drainage shifted from posterior VV to peripheral VV by forming anastomotic channels.

PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF RADIAL FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE IN HIGH MYOPIC WOMEN.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of radial fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in highly myopic women. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational case study to determine the prevalence of radial FAF in the ultra-widefield FAF images in women. The clinical characteristics of these patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Fifteen of 1,935 (0.78%) highly myopic women were found to have radial FAF. Their mean age was 36.6 ± 25.6 years, and their mean best-corrected visual acuity was 0.3 ± 0.42 logMAR units. The mean axial length (AL) was 28.8 ± 2.8 mm. Among the 15 cases, eight did not have pigmentary changes and seven had pigmentary changes in the ultra-widefield FAF images. The women with the pigmentary changes were significantly older ( P = 0.021), had poorer BCVA ( P = 0.001), and had longer ALs ( P = 0.002). The visual fields and electroretinograms were worse in the eyes with pigmentary changes. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of radial FAF was 0.78% in women with high myopia. These patients might have mutations in the RPGR or RP2 genes and can develop high myopia and retinitis pigmentosa. Ultra-widefield FAF images should be examined in all highly myopic patients for early detection of radial FAF, and myopia prevention and genetic counseling for possible genetic therapy are recommended.

RIDGE-SHAPED PERIPAPILLA.

PURPOSE: To report a case of peripapillary subretinal fluid associated with a ridge-shaped morphology surrounding the optic disk, which we termed ridge-shaped peripapilla. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 6-year-old girl with mild-to-moderate myopia was referred for an abnormal fundus appearance of the left eye. Fundus examination of the left eye showed a vertical whitish elevation just temporal to the disk with pigment clumping. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography of the left eye showed an elevation of the fundus at the temporal edge of the disk with thinning of the choroid overlying the thickened scleral protrusion and a serous subretinal fluid. Fluorescein angiography of the left eye showed a hyperfluorescent area without leakage at the temporal edge of the disk, indicative of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy. There was no sign of choroidal neovascularization. Based on the fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography findings, the protrusion of the sclera seemed to result in overlying choroidal thinning with choroidal blood flow disturbances, and consequent retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, leading to the subretinal fluid. CONCLUSION: This case highlights an unusual presentation of ridge-shaped peripapilla, characterized by inward convexity of the peripapillary area with a ridge-shaped morphology and localized thickening of the peripapillary sclera, in eyes with myopia.

NEODYMIUM-DOPED YTTRIUM ALUMINUM GARNET LASER ABLATION OF INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE TO TREAT MYOPIC MACULAR RETINOSCHISIS: CASE SERIES.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser ablation of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) to treat myopic macular retinoschisis. METHODS: Four patients with myopic myopic macular retinoschisis that extended out of the macular area were studied. All patients underwent yttrium aluminum garnet laser ablation of the detached ILM in the paramacular area, and the eyes were examined by ultra-widefield optical coherence tomography at the baseline and 6 months after the treatment. The measured outcomes were the foveal retinal thickness and the best-corrected visual acuity. RESULTS: Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser was applied to the paramacular ILM in all four eyes. In each eye, the procedure failed to disrupt the ILM, and no significant changes were observed in foveal retinal thickness or best-corrected visual acuity subsequently. No serious adverse event occurred in all eyes. A transient intraretinal hemorrhage developed at the site of the application in two eyes but resolved within a week after the treatment. CONCLUSION: Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser was applied to ILM in the peripheral macula in eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis. However, the lack of a reduction of the foveal thickness and improvement of the best-corrected visual acuity indicate that accurate focusing system is needed to treat eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis.

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY RETINAL VASOPROLIFERATIVE TUMOR/REACTIVE RETINAL ASTROCYTIC TUMOR SUCCESSFULLY TREATED BY ENDORESECTION.

PURPOSE: To report the clinicopathological findings of retinal vasoproliferative tumor/reactive retinal astrocytic tumor (VPT/RRAT) with retinal vasculitis, treated by tumor resection. METHODS: A retrospective single case report. PATIENT: A 29-year-old Japanese woman was referred with cystoid macular edema and retinal vasculitis in the right eye. Best-corrected visual acuity was 0.9. Results of fundus examination, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography demonstrated VPT/RRATs in the temporal retina surrounded by a subretinal exudate, serous retinal detachment and macular edema, and retinal vasculitis. Despite 3 months of oral prednisolone treatment, a full-thickness macular hole developed. Pars plana vitrectomy and endoresection of the VPT/RRATs were performed. Pathologic and immunohistochemical analyses with anti-CD34 antibody, antiglial fibrillary acidic protein antibody, anti-Ki67 antibody, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody were performed on the excised tissue. Inflammation was evaluated by immunohistological staining with leukocyte common antigen (LCA), anti-CD3 antibody, and anti-CD20 antibody. RESULTS: After surgery, the macular hole closed, best-corrected visual acuity improved to 1.2, retinal vasculitis was ameliorated, and retinal exudate disappeared. There was no recurrence of VPT/RRAT or retinal vasculitis. Pathologic examination showed that antiglial fibrillary acidic protein and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor were widely expressed, irrespective of the distribution of blood vessels. Ki67-positive proliferating cells were detected in the perivascular area. Leukocyte common antigen-positive leukocytes and CD3-positive T cells were detected throughout the samples, whereas CD20-positive B cells were rarely detected. CONCLUSION: Endoresection of VPT/RRAT could be a good treatment option for secondary VPT/RRAT accompanied by retinal vasculitis. Pathologic findings revealed for the first time that inflammatory cells infiltrate the tissue in secondary VPT/RRAT.

Association of Bergmeister Papilla and Deep Optic Nerve Head Structures With Prelaminar Schisis of Normal and Glaucomatous Eyes.

PURPOSE: To investigate factors associated with the severity of prelaminar schisis (PLS) in heathy subjects and glaucoma patients. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 217 eyes of 217 subjects (110 normal eyes and 107 open angle glaucoma eyes) were studied. Frequency and severity of PLS were compared between normal and glaucomatous eyes. Multivariate logistic models were used to assess factors associated with the severity of PLS. Factors considered were age, axial length, glaucomatous damage indices, Bruch membrane opening (BMO) and anterior scleral canal opening parameters, tractional forces (posterior vitreous staging and presence of Bergmeister papilla), circumpapillary choroidal thickness, lamina cribrosa (LC) parameters, and peripapillary scleral (PPS) angle. RESULTS: The frequency of PLS was 70.9% in normal eyes and 72.0% in glaucomatous eyes. There was no difference in frequency and severity between the groups. The presence of Bergmeister papilla was the strongest predictor of a more severe PLS in both normal and glaucomatous eyes (odds ratio [OR] + 9.78, 12.5; both P < .001). A larger PPS angle in normal eyes (OR = 1.19; P = .003) and a larger BMO area and a deeper LC depth in glaucomatous eyes (OR = 1.08, 1.05; both P = .038) were associated with severity of PLS. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of PLS was strongly associated with the presence of Bergmeister papilla, suggesting a traction-related phenomenon. Correlation of PLS severity with larger BMO area and deeper LC depth, which are optic nerve head structures associated with glaucoma, suggested its possible relationship with glaucomatous damage.

Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of ripasudil on open-angle glaucoma in eyes with high myopia and pathological myopia.

The aim is to study the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects of additional administration of ripasudil in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients including high myopia (HM) and pathological myopia (PM). Study design is retrospective cohort study. We assessed the changes in the mean IOP between the HM eyes (axial length ≧ 26.5 mm 33 eyes) and the non-HM eyes (axial length < 26.5 mm 29 eyes) at 4 and 12 weeks from baseline. We also assessed the IOP changes between the PM eyes (21 eyes) and the non-PM eyes (41 eyes). The significant IOP reduction by the ripasudil administration was observed at 4 weeks in the non-HM eyes and at 12 weeks in HM and non-HM eyes. And the IOP reduction in the HM eyes was significantly less than the non-HM eyes at 4 and 12 weeks. IOP reduction by ripasudil had statistically significant association with the baseline IOP and presence of PM. Furthermore, significant IOP reduction by the ripasudil administration was observed at 4 and 12 weeks in the non-PM eyes, but not in the PM eyes. The additional administration of ripasudil was effective in the HM eyes, but less than non-HM eyes. And the PM may negatively contribute to reducing the IOP by ripasudil.