T929I and K1774N mutation pair and M918L single mutation identified in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of pyrethroid-resistant Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Japan.

Pyrethroid-resistance in onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, has been reported in many countries including Japan. Identifying factors of the resistance is important to correctly monitoring the resistance in field populations. To identify pyrethroid-resistance related genes in T. tabaci in Japan, we performed RNA-Seq analysis of seven T. tabaci strains including two pyrethroid-resistant and five pyrethroid-susceptible strains. We identified a pair of single point mutations, T929I and K1774N, introducing two amino acid mutations, in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, a pyrethroid target gene, in the two resistant strains. The K1774N is a newly identified mutation located in the fourth repeat domain of the sodium channel. Genotyping analysis of field-collected populations showed that most of the T. tabaci individuals in resistant populations carried the mutation pair, indicating that the mutation pair is closely associated with pyrethroid-resistance in Japan. Another resistance-related mutation, M918L, was also identified in part of the resistant populations. Most of the individuals with the mutation pair were arrhenotokous while all individuals with the M918L single mutation were thelytokous. The result of differentially expressed gene analysis revealed a small number of up-regulated detoxification genes in each resistant strain which might be involved in resistance to pyrethroid. However, no up-regulated detoxification genes common to the two resistant strains were detected. Our results indicate that the mutation pair in the sodium channel gene is the most important target for monitoring pyrethroid-resistance in T. tabaci, and that pyrethroid-resistant arrhenotokous individuals with the mutation pair are likely to be widely distributed in Japan.

Development of a multi-Fourier-transform interferometer: imaging experiments in millimeter and submillimeter wave bands.

We have developed a millimeter and submillimeter Michelson-type bolometric interferometer based on a Martin-Puplett-type Fourier-transform spectrometer named multi-Fourier-transform interferometer (MuFT). We have succeeded in proving that the MuFT is capable of performing broadband imaging observations as theoretically proposed by our previous paper (OHM) [Appl. Opt. 45, 2576 (2006)]. We succeeded in acquiring the mutual coherence signal for an extended source in broadband. By analyzing the obtained mutual coherence signal following the formula proposed in OHM, 2D source images for each wavenumber from 5 cm(-1) (150 GHz) to 35 cm(-1) (1.05 THz) with a wavenumber interval of 0.4 cm(-1) (12 GHz) were successfully extracted. The large dynamic range advantage of the MuFT proposed in OHM was confirmed experimentally.

Development of a multi-Fourier-transform interferometer: fundamentals.

We describe the development of an instrument that uses a Martin-Puplett-type Fourier-transform spectrometer to apply an aperture synthesis technique to millimeter and submillimeter waves. We call this instrument a multi-Fourier-transform interferometer (MuFT). The MuFT performs wideband imaging, spectroscopy, and polarimetry, at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. We describe the fundamentals of the MuFT and give an example of one potential implementation. A full description of the observables with a MuFT is provided. A physical explanation of the observability of complex visibility by the MuFT is given. Fundamental restrictions on observations with the MuFT, e.g., limits on spectral and spatial resolution and on fields of view, are discussed. The advantages of the MuFT are summarized.