Eicosapentaenoic Acid and the Outcomes in Older Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.

BACKGROUND: A lower serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to arachidonic acid (AA) ratio (EPA/AA) level correlates with cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, elevated serum EPA levels increase the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in older patients. The relationship between the EPA/AA and outcomes post-AF ablation remains unclear. This study investigated the impact of the EPA/AA on AF recurrence and cardiovascular events after AF ablation in older patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective cohort study examined consecutive patients with AF aged ≥65 years who underwent a first-time AF ablation. We compared the 3-year AF recurrence and 5-year major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) rates between patients divided into high and low EPA/AA levels defined as above and below the median EPA/AA value before ablation. MACE was defined as heart failure hospitalizations, strokes, coronary artery disease, major bleeding, and cardiovascular death. Among the 673 included patients, the median EPA/AA value was 0.35. Compared with the low EPA/AA group, the high EPA/AA group had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of AF recurrence (39.3% versus 27.6%; log-rank P=0.004) and lower cumulative incidence of MACE (13.8% versus 25.5%, log-rank P=0.021). A high EPA/AA level was determined as an independent predictor of AF recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.75 95% CI, 1.24-2.49; P=0.002) and MACE (HR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.36-0.99]; P=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: The EPA/AA was associated with AF recurrence and MACE after ablation in patients with AF aged ≥65 years.

Pre-procedural Stratification by the Endothelial Function in Patients with Heart Failure Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction (ED), a well-established risk marker of cardiovascular events, is associated with heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Its relationship with cardiovascular events in patients with HF undergoing AF ablation remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the association between ED and the outcomes after AF ablation in patients with HF. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included patients with HF who underwent an endothelial function assessment using the peripheral vascular reactive hyperemia index (RHI) before first-time AF ablation. We defined AF recurrence according to the following types: the conventional form (AF≥30 seconds) and persistent form (requiring cardioversion). An RHI<2.1 indicated ED. Those with and without ED were compared in terms of the 3-year incidence of AF recurrence and cardiovascular events after AF ablation. RESULTS: Among 421 patients with HF (69 ± 9 years and 38% females), 343 (81.5%) had ED. Although the incidence of the conventional form of AF recurrence was similar between the groups, that of the persistent form was significantly higher in the ED group (25.7% vs. 15.3%, log-rank P = 0.028). The ED group also had a significantly higher rate of cardiovascular events (14.8% vs. 3.6%, log-rank P = 0.028). Pre-procedural ED was identified as an independent predictor of a persistent form of AF recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-5.07, P = 0.037) and that of cardiovascular events (adjusted HR 4.21, 95% CI 1.02-17.5, P = 0.048), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The endothelial function assessment enabled the risk stratification of clinically problematic outcomes after AF ablation in patients with HF.

Serial changes in the trends of direct oral anticoagulant use and incidence of thromboembolisms and major bleeding events in very old patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Aims: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have become the first-line antithrombotic therapy in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). During this period, the incidence of thromboembolisms and major bleeding events has decreased. However, no studies have shown a correlation between them, and even fewer data are available on older patients. Therefore, we evaluated the serial changes in oral anticoagulant (OAC) use and the correlation between DOAC use and the incidence of adverse events among very old patients with NVAF. Methods and results: We conducted a historical cohort study in 1320 consecutive patients with NVAF aged ≥80 years who received medical treatment for AF from March 2011 to February 2021. We analysed the temporal trends regarding patients using OACs, including the DOAC prescription rate and incidence of adverse events. Over the last decade, the number of patients using OACs has increased from 228 to approximately 600 person-years. The DOAC prescription rate has significantly increased (4-90%, P < 0.001). The age of the patients and proportion of patients with a HASBLED score ≥3 significantly increased (84 ± 4 to 86 ± 4 years, 16-25%, P < 0.001, respectively). The composite incidence of thromboembolisms and major bleeding events significantly decreased (7.02-3.30 events/100 person-years, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of thromboembolisms and major bleeding events might be inversely correlated with the increase in the DOAC prescription rate in patients with NVAF aged ≥80 years.

Cardiovascular events and death after catheter ablation in very old patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is recommended for selected older patients. However, the preventive effects of AF ablation on cardiovascular events and death remain unclear, especially in older patients. This study aimed to investigate the impact of AF ablation on the incidence of cardiovascular events and death in very old nonvalvular AF (NVAF) patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with NVAF aged ≥80 years and using direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). We defined cardiovascular events as acute heart failure (AHF), strokes and systemic embolisms (SSEs), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and sudden cardiac death (SCD) and cardiovascular death as AHF/SSE/ACS-related death and SCD. We compared the 3-year incidence of cardiovascular events and death between the patients who underwent AF ablation (Ablation group) and those who received medical therapy only (Medication group). RESULTS: Among the 782 NVAF patients using DOACs, propensity score matching provided 208 patients in each group. The Ablation group had a significantly lower 3-year incidence of cardiovascular events and death than the Medication group: cardiovascular events, 24 (13.2%) vs. 43 (23.3%), log-rank P = 0.009 and hazard ratio (HR) 0.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-0.86) and cardiovascular deaths, 5 (3.0%) vs. 15 (7.8%), log-rank P = 0.019 and HR 0.32 (95% CI 0.16-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: In very old NVAF patients using DOACs, those who underwent AF ablation had a lower incidence of both cardiovascular events and death than those who received medical therapy only.

Alveolar Bone Microstructure Surrounding Orthodontic Anchor Screws with Plasma Surface Treatment in Rats.

A lateral load was applied to anchor screws that had undergone surface treatment, and the structure, cellular dynamics, and quality of the bone surrounding anchor screws were analyzed to investigate the effect of this surface treatment on the peri-implant jawbone. In addition, bone microstructural characteristics were quantitatively evaluated for each site of loading on the bone around the anchor screw. Rats were euthanized after observation on days 3, 5, or 7, and bone quality analyses were performed. Bone-implant contact rate increased more rapidly at an early stage in the treated surface group than in the untreated surface group. Bone lacuna morphometry showed that the measured values adjacent to the screw at the screw neck on the compressed side (A) and at the screw tip on the uncompressed side (D) were significantly lower than those at the screw tip on the compressed side (B) and at the screw neck on the uncompressed side (C). Collagen fiber bundle diameter showed that the measured values adjacent to regions A and D were significantly higher than those at regions B and C. Anchor screw surface activation facilitates initial bone contact of the screw, suggesting that early loading may be possible in clinical practice.

Prognostic Impact of the Early Use of Tolvaptan in Elderly Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

The number of elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is increasing, and it is often difficult to treat. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of using tolvaptan early after hospitalization in elderly patients with ADHF and the prognosis one year after hospitalization. This study enrolled 185 patients with ADHF who were admitted for the first time. Tolvaptan was administered within 24 h after admission. These patients were assigned to two groups: over 80 years old (n = 109) and under 80 years old (n = 76). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the occurrence of MACCE within one year (25% vs. 20%, p = 0.59). All-cause mortality was significantly higher in the over-80 group (12% vs. 2%, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in the incidence of worsening renal failure (11% vs. 7%, p = 0.46) and hypernatremia (5% vs. 9%, p = 1.0), and in the duration of hospitalization (19.2 days vs. 18.8 days, p = 0.8). Tolvaptan might be effective and safe in elderly patients with ADHF, and there was no difference in the incidence of MACCE within one year.

Relationship Between Endothelial Dysfunction and the Outcomes After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.

Background Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is associated with cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the utility of ED as a prognostic marker after AF ablation supplementary to the CHA2DS2-VASc score is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ED and 5-year cardiovascular events in patients undergoing AF ablation. Methods and Results We conducted a prospective cohort study of patients who underwent a first-time AF ablation and for whom the endothelial function was assessed by the peripheral vascular reactive hyperemia index (RHI) before ablation. We defined ED as an RHI of <2.1. Cardiovascular events included strokes, heart failure requiring hospitalization, arteriosclerotic disease requiring treatment, venous thromboses, and ventricular arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death. We compared the 5-year incidence of cardiovascular events after AF ablation between those with and without ED. Among the 1040 patients who were enrolled, 829 (79.7%) had ED, and the RHI value was found to be associated with the CHA2DS2-VASc score (P=0.004). The 5-year incidence of cardiovascular events was higher among patients with ED than those without ED (98 [11.8%] versus 13 [6.2%]; log-rank P=0.014). We found ED to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular events after AF ablation (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91 [95% CI, 1.04-3.50]; P=0.036) along with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥2 (≥3 for women) (HR, 3.68 [95% CI, 1.89-7.15]; P<0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of ED among patients with AF was high. Assessing the endothelial function could enable the risk stratification of cardiovascular events after AF ablation.

Effect of Direct Slow Pathway Capture Mapping-Guided Ablation on Typical Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: Direct slow pathway capture (DSPC) mapping is a novel electrophysiological technique for detecting antegrade slow pathway input sites. However, the effect of DSPC mapping-guided ablation on atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DSPC mapping-guided ablation in typical AVNRT patients. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted in 301 consecutive typical AVNRT patients. The outcomes in patients who underwent DSPC mapping-guided ablation (DSPC group) and those who underwent conventional anatomical ablation (conventional group) were compared. The conventional group was established before introducing DSPC mapping-guided ablation. Positive DSPC sites were defined as sites with a return cycle atrioventricular prolongation of ≥20 ms with high-output (10-20 V) pacing during tachycardia or the last paced beat of the atrial extrastimulation. RESULTS: Among 116 patients in the DSPC group, 102 (88%) had positive DSPC sites, and 86 (74%) had a successful ablation at that site. Of the remaining 30 patients, 27 had a successful anatomical ablation. The DSPC group had a significantly lower frequency of radiofrequency applications and shorter total application time than the conventional group (median: 5.5 [IQR: 3-11] times vs 9 [IQR: 5-15] times, and 168 [IQR: 108-266] seconds vs 244 [IQR: 158-391] seconds, respectively; P < 0.01). Moreover, the DSPC group had a numerically lower incidence of permanent pacemaker implantations and AVNRT recurrences than the conventional group (0% vs 1.6%; P = 0.17, and 1.7% vs 3.2%; P = 0.43, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: DSPC mapping-guided ablation was associated with a lower operative time, which can reduce the risk of AV conduction injury in typical AVNRT.

P-wave terminal force in lead V1 and outcomes in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation undergoing catheter ablation.

AIMS: The P-wave terminal force in electrocardiogram lead V1 (PTFV1) correlates with outcomes in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Nevertheless, the correlation between the PTFV1 and outcomes after AF ablation in patients with persistent AF remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether the PTFV1 at 3 months after AF ablation could predict AF recurrence and cardiovascular events in patients with persistent AF. METHODS: This historical cohort study examined 453 consecutive patients with persistent AF who underwent a first-time AF ablation. We measured the PTFV1 at 3 months after the ablation. An abnormal PTF was defined as a ≥4 mVms depression. The 3-year incidence of AF recurrence and composite cardiovascular events, including strokes, heart failure hospitalizations, and cardiovascular death, were compared between the abnormal and normal PTF groups. RESULTS: Among 434 enrolled patients, 101 had an abnormal, and 333 normal PTF at 3 months after AF ablation. Compared with the normal PTF group, the abnormal PTF group had a significantly higher incidence of AF recurrence (52.6% vs 28.1%, log-rank P < .001) and cardiovascular events (13.7% vs 2.6%, log-rank P = .005). After adjusting for the risk factors, an abnormal PTF was established as an independent predictor of AF recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-3.13, P < .001) and cardiovascular events (HR 3.26, 95% CI: 1.19-8.97, P = .022). CONCLUSIONS: The PTFV1 at 3 months after AF ablation could be a valuable noninvasive predictor of both AF recurrence and cardiovascular events in patients with persistent AF.

Laboratory Test Predictors for Major Bleeding in Elderly (≥80 Years) Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Edoxaban 15 mg: Sub-Analysis of the ELDERCARE-AF Trial.

Background We investigated the predictors related to major bleeding events during treatment with edoxaban 15 mg in patients aged ≥80 years with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and high bleeding risk, for whom standard oral anticoagulants are inappropriate, focusing on standard laboratory tests related to bleeding. Methods and Results This was a prespecified subanalysis of the on-treatment analysis set of the ELDERCARE-AF (Edoxaban Low-Dose for Elder Care Atrial Fibrillation Patients) trial. Major bleeding was the primary safety end point. The event rates were calculated according to prespecified characteristics at baseline. A total of 984 Japanese patients were randomly assigned to edoxaban 15 mg or placebo (n=492, each). During the study period, 20 and 11 major bleeding events occurred in the edoxaban and placebo groups, respectively. The adjusted analysis revealed that hemoglobin <12.3 g/dL (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.57 [95% CI, 1.10-11.55]) and prothrombin time ≥12.7 seconds; (aHR, 2.89 [95% CI, 1.05-8.02]) independently predicted major bleeding, while creatinine clearance <30 mL/min showed a tendency towards an increase in major bleeding (aHR, 2.68; 95% CI, 0.96-7.46). In patients treated with edoxaban lacking these 3 risk factors, no major bleeding occurred; major bleeding event rates increased with each risk factor. Patients with 3 risk factors were significantly more likely to have a major bleeding event at 11.05%/year (HR, 7.15 [95% CI, 1.92-26.71]). Conclusions In elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation with high bleeding risk, baseline hemoglobin <12.3 g/dL, prothrombin time ≥12.7 seconds, and creatinine clearance <30 mL/min may predict major bleeding during treatment with edoxaban 15 mg. Registration URL: ELDERCARE-AF https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique number: NCT02801669.

Real-World Investigation on Anticoagulation Management Before and After Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Japan　- Periprocedural and Long-Term Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Optimal periprocedural oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy before catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) and the safety profile of OAC discontinuation during the remote period (from 31 days and up to 1 year after CA) have not been well defined.Methods and Results: The RYOUMA registry is a prospective multicenter observational study of Japanese patients who underwent CA for AF in 2017-2018. Of the 3,072 patients, 82.3% received minimally interrupted direct-acting OACs (DOACs) and 10.2% received uninterrupted DOACs. Both uninterrupted and minimally interrupted DOACs were associated with an extremely low thromboembolic event rate. Female, long-standing persistent AF, low creatinine clearance, hepatic disorder, and high intraprocedural heparin dose were independent factors associated with periprocedural major bleeding. At 1 year after CA, DOAC was continued in 55.9% of patients and warfarin in 56.4%. The incidence of thromboembolic and major bleeding events for 1 year was 0.3% and 1.2%, respectively. Age ≥73 years, dementia, and AF recurrence were independently associated with major bleeding events. Univariate analyses revealed that warfarin continuation and off-label overdose of DOACs were risk factors for major bleeding after CA. CONCLUSIONS: High intraprocedural dose of heparin was associated with periprocedural major bleeding events. At 1 year after CA, over half of the patients had continued OAC therapy. Thromboembolic events were extremely low; however, major bleeding occurred in 1.2%. Age ≥73 years, dementia, and AF recurrence were independently associated with major bleeding after CA.

Impact of direct oral anticoagulant use on mortality in very old patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) compared with that of warfarin in very old patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) have been reported in terms of thromboembolisms and bleeding. However, the association of DOAC use and mortality in such patients remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: this study aimed to investigate the incidence of mortality, as well as thromboembolisms and major bleeding, in very old patients with NVAF using DOACs as compared with warfarin. METHODS: we conducted a single-centre historical cohort study of consecutive patients with NVAF aged ≥80 years who used oral anticoagulants. We compared the 5-year outcomes (all-cause mortality, thromboembolism, major bleeding and intracranial haemorrhage) between the DOAC and Warfarin groups. RESULTS: of 1,676 patients with atrial fibrillation aged 80 years and over, 1,208 with NVAF were included. Propensity score matching provided 461 patients in each group, and the risk of all-cause mortality, thromboembolisms, major bleeding and intracranial haemorrhages was significantly lower in the DOAC group than Warfarin group (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] for DOAC use, 0.68 [0.54-0.87], 0.31 [0.19-0.53], 0.56 [0.36-0.88], 0.23 [0.10-0.56], log-rank P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P = 0.010, P < 0.001). The mortality rate within 1 year after major bleeding was significantly lower in the DOAC group than Warfarin group (14% versus 38%, P = 0.03), however, that after a thromboembolism was similar between the two groups (33% versus 35%). CONCLUSION: patients with NVAF aged ≥80 years and using DOACs had a lower mortality than those using warfarin.

Multifocal Purkinje-related premature contractions and electrical storm suppressed by quinidine and verapamil in a case with short-coupled ventricular fibrillation.

In some cases with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, short-coupled premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) initiate fatal arrhythmia, which has recently been proposed as short-coupled ventricular fibrillation (SCVF). In the present case of SCVF, catheter ablation for trigger PVCs originating from the His-Purkinje system in both ventricles caused transient complete atrioventricular block, and a combination of quinidine and verapamil suppressed ventricular tachyarrhythmia. .

Effect of preprocedural pharmacologic cardioversion on pulmonary vein isolation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: The optimal strategy for catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) remains unknown. A preprocedural additive treatment for patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone to optimize catheter ablation should be investigated. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether pharmacologic cardioversion with a fixed low-dose antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) before ablation could stratify the long-term outcome of a PVI-alone strategy. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of PeAF patients who underwent PVI using contact force-sensing catheters. No substrate modification was performed. Fixed low-dose bepridil was administered before ablation for cardioversion and patients were classified into 2 groups based on obtaining sinus rhythm (SR). The rate of recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and/or atrial tachycardia (AT) within 36 months was compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Among the 303 PeAF patients who received the AAD, 102 returned to SR (SR group), and the other 201 had persistence of AF (non-SR group). AF persistence duration at baseline and during bepridil administration was similar between the 2 groups. The SR group had a significantly lower 36-month AF/AT recurrence rate than the non-SR group (17 [22.2%] vs 55 [34.0%], log-rank P = .022). AT-type recurrence was observed in 16 patients (2 [3.3%] in the SR group vs 14 [8.9%] in the non-SR group; log-rank P = .051). Nonresponse to AAD was an independent predictor of AF/AT recurrence after adjusting for other risk factors (hazard ratio 1.34; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.77; P = .040). CONCLUSION: Preprocedural pharmacologic cardioversion could be a useful determinant for patients with treatable PeAF by PVI alone.

Antegrade slow pathway mapping of typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia based on direct slow pathway capture.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (tAVNRT) is performed without revealing out the location of antegrade slow pathway (ASp). In this study, we studied a new electrophysiological method of identifying the site of ASp. METHODS: This study included 19 patients. Repeated series of very high-output single extrastimulations (VhoSESts) were delivered at the anatomical slow pathway region during tAVNRT. Tachycardia cycle length (TCL), coupling interval (CI), and return cycle (RC) were measured and the prematurity of VhoSESts [ΔPM (= TCL - CI)] and the prolongation of RCs [ΔPL (= RC - TCL)] were calculated. Pacing sites were classified into two categories: (i) ASp capture sites [DSPC(+) sites], where two different RCs were shown, and ASp non-capture sites [DSPC(-) sites], where only one RC was shown. RF ablation was performed at DSPC(+) sites and/or sites with catheter-induced mechanical trauma (CIMT) to ASp. RESULTS: DSPC(+) sites were shown in 13 patients (68%). RF ablation was successful in all patients without any degree of atrioventricular block nor recurrence. Total number of RF applications was 1.8 ± 1.1. Minimal distance between successful ablation sites and DSPC(+)/CIMT sites and His bundle (HB) electrogram recording sites was 1.9 ± 0.8 mm and 19.8 ± 6.1 mm, respectively. ΔPL of more than 92.5 ms, ΔPL/TCL of more than 0.286, and ΔPL/ΔPM of more than 1.565 could identify ASp with sensitivity of 100%, 91.1%, and 88.9% and specificity of 92.9%, 97.0%, and 97.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sites with ASp capture and CIMT were close to successful ablation sites and could be useful indicators of tAVNRT ablation.

Secular Decreasing Trend in Plasma Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids among Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome from 2011 to 2019: A Single Center Descriptive Study.

Despite intensive lipid-lowering interventions, patients treated with statins develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and these patients have an increased risk of developing recurrent cardiovascular events during follow-up. Therefore, there is a need to focus on the residual risks in patients in statin therapy to further reduce ASCVD. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the 10-year trend (2011-2019) regarding changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a single center. We included 686 men and 203 women with ACS admitted to Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital. Plasma PUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), were measured at admission for suspected ACS. A secular decreasing trend in the levels of EPA and DHA and the EPA/AA ratio, but not of AA and DGLA, was observed. The analyses based on age (>70 or <70 years) and sex showed that the decreasing trend in the levels of EPA and DHA did not depend on age and remained significant only in men. Further studies are needed to obtain robust evidence to justify that the administration of n-3 PUFA contributes to the secondary prevention of ACS.

Long-term efficacy and safety of anticoagulation after atrial fibrillation ablation: data from the JACRE registry.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation (CA) is an important strategy for managing atrial fibrillation (AF). However, long-term anticoagulation strategies and clinical outcomes following CA, including thromboembolism and bleeding, have not yet been elucidated. METHODS: We established a prospective registry, called the JACRE registry, for patients on rivaroxaban or warfarin administration who received CA for AF. The outcomes up to 30 days following the procedure were reported previously. The present study involved longer follow-up of patients enrolled in this registry to evaluate long-term anticoagulation strategies and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Data of 975 patients (rivaroxaban, n = 823; warfarin, n = 152) were collected from 27 institutes. Patient population had mean age 63.7 ± 10.3 years, 710 (72.8%) males, mean CHA2DS2-VASc score 1.9 ± 1.5, and mean follow-up period 28.7 ± 12.7 months after the index procedure. Anticoagulants were continued in 496 (50.9%) patients during the follow-up. Thromboembolism occurred in 3 patients, hemorrhagic stroke in 5, and major bleeding events in 9 (annualized event rate, 0.13%, 0.22%, and 0.40% per patient-year, respectively). There were no differences in the composite event rate of thromboembolism and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis major bleeding between rivaroxaban and warfarin cohorts (0.53% and 0.55% per patient-year, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term incidence of thromboembolism was extremely low in patients with AF treated with CA, while that of major bleeding was not especially low. Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN000032829 / UMIN000032830.

Improvement in renal and endothelial function after catheter ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) can be lowered by catheter ablation. We hypothesized the underlying mechanism was improvement in renal and endothelial function corresponding to AF burden, and investigated whether restoration of sinus rhythm (SR) after ablation affected these functions according to AF type. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively measured estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and reactive hyperemia index (RHI) in 358 consecutive patients with AF before and 6 and 12 months after the ablation. For each AF type [paroxysmal AF (PAF), n = 229, and persistent AF (PeAF), n = 129], we evaluated changes in these markers and influence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The eGFR and natural logarithm-transformed (ln) UACR improved at 6 months in the PeAF group (68.7 ± 18.7-71.8 ± 18.9 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.003 and 3.1±1.6 to 2.8±1.5, p < 0.001, respectively) and remained unchanged in the PAF group. Among the PeAF patients, recurrent AF was identified in 41, but only transiently in 38 patients. PeAF at baseline independently predicted increased eGFR [odds ratio (OR)=2.13, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.35-3.40, p = 0.001] and decreased UACR (OR=1.94, 95 % CI 1.05-3.58, p = 0.033). In the PeAF patients with CKD, ln-RHI significantly increased at 6 months after the ablation, and the change (Δ) in ln-RHI was significantly correlated with the ΔeGFR (r=0.35, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: SR restoration after ablation was associated with an improved eGFR and UACR in PeAF patients, but not PAF patients. In PeAF patients with CKD, an improved endothelial function after ablation was associated with an improved renal function.

Lifestyle Modification or Medication to Improve Condition of Patients With Asymptomatic Heart Failure　- Monitoring and Management of OptiVol Alert to Reduce Heart Failure Hospitalization II (MOMOTARO II) Study.

BACKGROUND: In heart failure (HF) patients implanted with high-energy devices, worsening of HF can be diagnosed from intrathoracic impedance (ITI) before symptoms appear. Early therapeutic intervention can prevent HF worsening, but the optimal intervention remains unknown. This study aimed to examine which lifestyle modifications or medications can improve HF indicators in asymptomatic HF patients diagnosed from ITI.Methods and Results:This multicenter, prospective, randomized study included patients with high-energy devices, left ventricular ejection fraction <40%, or with a history of HF hospitalization. After the OptiVol alert was evoked by decreased ITI, patients underwent examinations. If they were diagnosed with HF, they were randomly assigned to 3 groups: lifestyle modification, diuretic, or nitrate. After 1 week, they underwent the same examinations. The primary endpoint was change in ITI and serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Totally, 57 patients were randomized. In all 3 groups, ITI was significantly increased post-intervention compared with pre-intervention. In the diuretic and nitrate groups, logBNP post-intervention was significantly lower than pre-intervention, but not in the lifestyle modification group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with lifestyle modifications, diuretic and nitrate therapy for 1 week may be more effective management of HF detected by decreased ITI. However, lifestyle modification may have the additional benefits of reducing the workload or cost.