A hybrid process for 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicidal treatment and its microbial identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

The feasibility of coupling photocatalysis and a biological treatment to remove a herbicide - 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) - from pure water was examined using batch experiments following three protocols: aerated (A-BR) and non-aerated biodegradation (NA-BR) alone, and intimately combined photodegradation and biodegradation (P-B). In view of a subsequent biological treatment, 15 and 180 min irradiation times were chosen in accordance with spectrophotometric and LC-MS/MS results that indicated the decrease in the COD/TOC ratio during photocatalysis. Pre-treatment led to a quick decrease in concentration of 2,4-D and COD during the biological process: a 78.79 ± 0.30% COD removal and 38.23 ± 3.12% 2,4-D elimination was measured after 5760 min in A-BR, and 80.89 ± 0.81% COD and 81.36 ± 1.37% 2,4-D removal was achieved after 2880 min in P-B. For species identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time of flight (TOF)-TOF/MS equipment, Aeromonas eucrenophila, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Ralstonia pickettii, Sphingobacterium multivorum and Acinetobacter towneri were identified with high accuracy, and they play important roles in the degradation of 2,4-D.

The impact of textile wastewater irrigation on the growth and development of apple plant.

In this work, the effect of irrigation with textile wastewaters on the growth and development of "Golden Delicious" apple sapling was examined over a one-year period. Municipal water prepared as a control sample (T0), 1/3 diluted (T1), and undiluted (T2) raw textile wastewater was used as the three different irrigation water samples. Two replications of each test were performed on three random samples each time. When examining the effects of T0, T1, and T2 irrigation water on plant growth, it was found that T1 irrigation water significantly increased the weight, the shoot length, and the diameter of the sapling. Despite increasing Ni and Cr metals in the apple saplings' leaves when irrigated with T2 water, plant growth was restricted due to the lack of basic nutrients. When taking certain aspects into account, such as the proper treatment of wastewater, then 1/3 diluted textile wastewater can be used as agricultural irrigation water for the apple plants.