ABSTRACT
Deregulation of cell-cycle control is a hallmark of cancer. Thus, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are an attractive target for the development of anti-cancer drugs. Here, we report the biological characterization of a highly potent pan-Cdk inhibitor with a macrocycle-quinoxalinone structure. Compound M inhibited Cdk1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 9 with equal potency in the nM range and was selective against kinases other than Cdks. This compound inhibited multiple events in the cell cycle in vitro, including retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation, E2F-dependent transcription, DNA replication (determined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation), and mitosis completion (assayed by flow cytometry) in the 10 nM range. Moreover, this compound induced cell death, as determined by induction of the subG1 fraction, activated caspase-3, and anexin V. In vivo, Compound M showed anti-tumor efficacy at a tolerated dose. In a nude rat xenograft tumor model, an 8-h constant infusion of Compound M inhibited pRb phosphorylation and induced apoptosis in tumor cells at ~ 30 nM, which led to the inhibition of tumor growth. Immunosuppression was the only liability observed at this dose, but immune function returned to normal after 10 days. Suppression of pRb phosphorylation in tumor cells was clearly correlated with tumor cell growth inhibition and cell death in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, Compound M inhibited pRb phosphorylation in both tumor and gut crypt cells. Rb phosphorylation may be a suitable pharmacodynamic biomarker in both tumors and normal tissues for monitoring target engagement and predicting the efficacy of Compound M.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Macrocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Quinoxalines/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Death/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , HCT116 Cells , Humans , Leukocyte Count , Macrocyclic Compounds/adverse effects , Macrocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Quinoxalines/adverse effects , Quinoxalines/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Nude , Substrate Specificity/drug effects , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Abnormalities in the p16INK4a/ cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)4, 6/ Retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway frequently occur in various human cancers. Thus, Cdk4/6 is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Here we report the biological characterization of a 2-aminothiazole-derived Cdk4/6 selective inhibitor, named Compound A in vitro and in vivo. Compound A potently inhibits Cdk4 and Cdk6 with high selectivity (more than 57-fold) against other Cdks and 45 serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases. Compound A inhibits Rb protein (pRb) phosphorylation at Ser780, inhibits E2F-dependent transcription, and induces cell-cycle arrest at G1 in the T98G human glioma cell line. Among 82 human cells derived from various tissues, cell lines derived from hematological cancers (leukemia/lymphoma) tended to be more sensitive to Compound A in cell proliferation assay. Rb-negative cells tended to be insensitive to Compound A, as we had expected. In a nude rat xenograft model, Compound A inhibited pRb phosphorylation and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in Eol-1 xenograft tumor at plasma concentration of 510 nM. Interestingly Compound A only moderately inhibited those pharmacodynamic and cell cycle parameters of normal crypt cells in small intestine even at 5 times higher plasma concentration. In F344 rats, Compound A did not cause immunosuppression even at 17 times higher plasma conc. These results suggest that Cdk4/6 selective inhibitors only moderately affects on the cell cycle of normal proliferating tissues and has a safer profile than pan-Cdk inhibitor in vivo.
Subject(s)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/genetics , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/metabolism , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/metabolism , E2F Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors , E2F Transcription Factors/metabolism , G1 Phase , Humans , Male , Phosphorylation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Pyrimidines/chemistry , RNA Interference , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Nude , Retinoblastoma Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Retinoblastoma Protein/metabolism , Thiazoles/chemistry , Transplantation, HeterologousABSTRACT
Wee1 is a tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates CDC2 and is involved in G(2) checkpoint signaling. Because p53 is a key regulator in the G(1) checkpoint, p53-deficient tumors rely only on the G(2) checkpoint after DNA damage. Hence, such tumors are selectively sensitized to DNA-damaging agents by Wee1 inhibition. Here, we report the discovery of a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of Wee1 kinase, MK-1775. This compound inhibits phosphorylation of CDC2 at Tyr15 (CDC2Y15), a direct substrate of Wee1 kinase in cells. MK-1775 abrogates G(2) DNA damage checkpoint, leading to apoptosis in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents such as gemcitabine, carboplatin, and cisplatin selectively in p53-deficient cells. In vivo, MK-1775 potentiates tumor growth inhibition by these agents, and cotreatment does not significantly increase toxicity. The enhancement of antitumor effect by MK-1775 was well correlated with inhibition of CDC2Y15 phosphorylation in tumor tissue and skin hair follicles. Our data indicate that Wee1 inhibition provides a new approach for treatment of multiple human malignancies.
