A multicenter prospective study of early gestational diabetes mellitus: Rates, severity, and risk factors based on IADPSG-defined fasting glycemia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of early gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) defined fasting glycemia. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study testing fasting venous plasma glucose (FPG) in women aged 18-45 years between 6 and 23+6 weeks of pregnancy in secondary health facilities in Ondo State, Nigeria. Early GDM was defined using the IADPSG threshold for fasting hyperglycemia, and its severity was examined. Potential risk factors for early GDM were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 8915 women who underwent FPG testing, the prevalence of early GDM was 12.5% (11.9%-13.3%). Multivariable analysis identified a dose-response association between body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) and early GDM, with a BMI of 35 or more (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-3.55) associated with early GDM. Primiparity (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.25-1.76), multiparity (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.47-2.04), and a first-degree family history of diabetes (aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.27-2.02) were associated with significantly higher odds of early GDM. CONCLUSION: This study established the prevalence, severity and risk factors for early GDM in a specific country that potentially represents a global region with no previous relevant data.

Missed opportunities for vaccination among children aged 0-23 months visiting health facilities in a southwest State of Nigeria, December 2019.

BACKGROUND: Despite efforts to improve childhood immunization coverage in Nigeria, coverage has remained below the national acceptable level. In December 2019, we conducted an assessment of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) in Ondo State, in Southwest Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the magnitude of, explore the reasons for, as well as possible solutions for reducing MOV in the State. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods approach. We purposively selected 66 health facilities in three local government authorities, with a non-probabilistic sampling of caregivers of children 0-23 months for exit interviews, and health workers for knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys. Data collection was complemented with focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with caregivers and health workers. The proportion of MOV among children with documented vaccination histories were determined and thematic analysis of the qualitative data was carried out. RESULTS: 984 caregivers with children aged 0-23 months were interviewed, of which 869 were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. The prevalence of MOV was 32.8%. MOV occurred among 90.8% of children during non-vaccination visits, and 7.3% during vaccination visits. Vaccine doses recommended later in the immunization series were given in a less timely manner. Among 41.0% of health workers, they reported their vaccination knowledge was insufficient. Additionally, 57.5% were concerned about and feared adverse events following immunization. Caregivers were found to have a low awareness about vaccination, and issues related to the organization of the health system were found to contribute towards MOV. CONCLUSIONS: One in three children experienced a MOV during a health service encounter. Potential interventions to reduce MOV include training of health workers about immunization policies and practices, improving caregivers' engagement and screening of vaccination documentation by health workers during every health service encounter.

Incorporating traditional birth attendants into the mainstream maternal health system in Nigeria - An evaluation of the Ondo State Agbebiye program.

Historically, the roles of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in maternity care have been contentious. In 2014, Ondo state in response to an 80% proportion of TBA-related maternal deaths launched the Agbebiye program to incorporate TBAs. This study which aimed to evaluate the program involved a retrospective review of maternity records between 2013 and 2016. The results showed that the seven-month pilot phase in the state capital witnessed a reduction in TBA-related deaths when compared to the previous year. Overall, 5,606 TBAs were coopted with resultant 14,124 referrals out of 142,206 facility deliveries (9.9% referral rate). Additionally, there was a 61.8% increase in facility births from 33,077 in 2013 to 53,531 in 2016. During program implementation, there were seven maternal deaths linked to Agbebiye-registered TBAs out of 260 statewide facility deaths (2.7%). Our study confirms the positive role that TBAs' incorporation into the maternal healthcare system can play in reducing maternal deaths in low-resource countries.

Confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in Ondo State, Nigeria - a comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Paucity of data on state-wide maternal mortality in Nigeria hampers planning, monitoring and evaluation of the impact of interventions. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in Ondo State was initiated to overcome this problem. This study aimed to compare trends of maternal mortality ratios, causes of deaths, geographical distribution and other associated factors in 12-monthly reports of the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in Ondo State. METHODS: Notification forms were distributed throughout the State to focal persons and medical records officers at community and facility levels, respectively. Maternal deaths, as defined in the International Classification of Diseases 10th version, were recorded prospectively over 3 years from 1st June 2012 to 30th May, 2015. Forms were submitted, collated and data analysed by a multidisciplinary review committee. RESULTS: Reported numbers of maternal deaths (and maternal mortality ratios) were 114 (253 per 100,000 births), 89 (192) and 81 (170), respectively per year, indicating a 33% reduction in maternal mortality ratio over the course of the study period. Assuming that the confidential enquiry process was the only intervention at the time aimed at reducing maternal mortality, simple linear regression with a correlation coefficient of 0.9314, showed a relationship though the difference in the values were not statistically significant (95% CI = - 184.55 to 101.55, p = 0.169). Postpartum haemorrhage and eclampsia were the leading causes of deaths. CONCLUSION: There was a trend of reduction in maternal mortality ratio during the period of study with postpartum haemorrhage as the major cause of death. The positive association between the confidential enquiry reports and maternal mortality ratios make us recommend that our model be adopted in other states and at the federal level.

Accuracy of 50-g glucose challenge test to detect International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria-defined hyperglycemia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the accuracy of the 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) in detecting hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) across a range of glucose thresholds relative to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups diagnostic criteria, and to determine the accuracy of the 50-g GCT among patients with different risk status. METHODS: The present prospective cohort study included women aged 18-45 years at 24-31+6  weeks of pregnancy who presented at the Mother and Child Hospital, Akure, Nigeria, between September 1, 2015, and February 29, 2016. Patients underwent the 50-g GCT followed by the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The accuracy of different 50-g GCT thresholds in diagnosing HIP was assessed based on International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups diagnostic criteria, with the 75-g OGTT used as a clinical reference standard. RESULTS: Of 280 patients enrolled, 46 (16.4%) had HIP. The sensitivity of the 50-g GCT to detect HIP decreased from 47.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.9-63.1) at a 7.2-mmol/L threshold to 32.6% (95% CI, 19.5-48.0) at a 8.0-mmol/L threshold; the specificity improved from 84.2% (95% CI, 78.9-88.6) to 95.3% (95% CI, 91.7-97.6), respectively. CONCLUSION: The 50-g GCT performed poorly compared with the 75-g OGTT for detecting HIP. It appears to be an unsuitable replacement for the 75-g OGTT.