Epidemiology of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in a Nigerian peri-urban community: results of a cross-sectional survey using the COPCORD stage 1 model.

Introduction: There is relative neglect of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). While hospital-based reports on RMDs abound, there is a paucity of population-based reports on these conditions which are otherwise recognized to cause functional disability and reduced quality of life in the affected individuals. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence, diagnostic types, and predictors of musculoskeletal (MSK) pain in Agbowa, a peri-urban community in Lagos, South-West Nigeria. Material and methods: This community-based survey utilized the World Health Organisation/International League of Association of Rheumatology Community Oriented Programme for the Control of Rheumatic Diseases (WHO/ILAR COPCORD) stage 1 model. All respondents had their profiles documented via modified COPCORD questionnaires. Pain intensity and functional disability were assessed by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Health Assessment Questionnaires Disability Index (HAQ-DI) respectively. The rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases were classified using relevant validated criteria. Data obtained were analysed using SPSS Version 21. Results: There were 3056 respondents who were predominantly female (59.2%). The period prevalence of MSK pain among the 3056 respondents was 58% (n = 1,773). There were significantly more females with MSK pain than males (62.8% vs. 37.2%, p = 0.001). Overall, 380 (12.4%) subjects had clinically diagnosed RMDs. The common RMDs in decreasing order were osteoarthritis (n = 185, 6.1%), chronic low back pain (n = 95, 3.1%) and soft tissue rheumatism (n = 52, 1.7%). The bivariate analysis showed that female sex, family history of MSK conditions, history of previous trauma, and some comorbidities were significantly associated with MSK pain. The median HAQ-DI was 0.6 (IQR 0.1-1.8) with significant disability (HAQ-DI ≥ 1) in 39.5% of the subjects. Conclusions: The burden and impacts of these conditions are considerable. Thus, the government needs to devise programmes and policies to limit the effects of RMDs in such communities.

Two new species of branchial fish parasitic isopod of the genus Mothocya Costa, in Hope, 1851 (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) from Nigeria.

The branchial attaching, fish parasitic genus Mothocya Costa, in Hope, 1851 is recorded for the first time from Nigerian brackish waters on Monodactylus sebae (Perciformes: Monodactylidae). Mothocya andoni n. sp. is characterised by a trapezoid-shaped cephalon with a subtruncate rostrum; pereonite 1 anterolateral angles only reaching to the posterior margin of the eyes; particularly large and wide coxa 7 extending to pleonite 4; pereopod 7 with a narrow basis; broadly rounded pleotelson; and uropods extending to the pleotelson posterior margin, with subequal rami. Mothocya powelli n. sp. is characterised by its small size (7 mm); a posteriorly ovoid body shape; cephalon anterior margin truncate; a short pleon with pleotelson lateral margins converging to a narrowly rounded apex; pleonite lateral margins overlapped by pereonite 7; slender uropods that extend to the posterior margin of the pleotelson with the uropodal exopod almost double the length of the endopod.

The impact of ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis on the health-related quality of life and the functional ability of black Africans.

Objectives To determine the patterns, predictors and overall impact of ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the health-related quality of life and disability index. METHODS: A total of 50 Nigerian patients with RA were studied. Full ocular evaluation was done to determine the presence of each defined ocular manifestation of RA. All patients completed the Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) questionnaires. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age of the patients was 47.2 ± 12.5 years. A total of 42 cases of ocular diseases were found in 23 (46%) patients. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was found in 15 (30%) patients; cataract, 13 (26%); scleritis/episcleritis, 4 (8%); disk edema, 4 (8%); glaucoma, 3 (6%); ulcerative keratitis, 1 (2%); vitreitis, 1 (2%); and macula edema, 1 (2%) patient. There is an association of the presence of ocular manifestations with the physical component summary (PCS) [T = - 3.398, P = 0.001] and the mental component summary (MCS) [T = - 2.616, 0.012] of the SF-36 but not with the HAQ-DI (T = 1.685, 0.099). Following multiple regression analysis, the predictors of the presence of ocular manifestations were age greater than 45 years and positive anti-citrullinated protein antibody. Following linear regression analyses, Steinbrocker's functional class independently predicted the PCS while both Steinbrocker's functional class and female sex predicted the MCS. CONCLUSIONS: The development of ocular disorders associated with RA is associated with a significant negative impact on the quality of life of the patients.

Frequency and associations of chronic kidney disease among gout patients from a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: To highlight common precipitants and co-morbidities of gout in Nigerians; determine the frequency of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Nigerian gout patients, as well as identify significant associations of CKD in gout patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study of gout cases seen at the Rheumatology Clinic of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital over five years from January 2011 to December 2015. Gout was diagnosed using the 1977 American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria. Clinical and laboratory data were extracted and examined for the presence of CKD defined using Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 guidelines as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, CKD-EPI) < 60 mls/min/1.73 m2 body surface area for > 3 months. RESULTS: One hundred and six gout patients were identified representing 4.5% out of a total of 2330 cases seen during the study period. There were 94 males and 12 females. Oligoarthritis was most frequent (41.5%) with the knee mostly affected (20.1%). Diuretic use was the most frequent precipitant (37.9%) with hypertension the commonest co-morbidity (62.9%). Of 70 patients with complete results, 29 had eGFR (CKD-EPI) < 60 mls/min (41.4%). Age, proteinuria, body mass index (BMI) and packed cell volume (PCV) were significant associations of CKD. Gout patients with CKD were significantly older (61.79 vs. 54.41 years, p = 0.003) with a significantly higher proportion developing proteinuria (15 vs. 4 patients, p ≤ 0.0001) compared to those without CKD. In contrast, those with CKD had a significantly lower BMI (27.31 vs. 29.65 kg/m2, p = 0.026) and PCV (31.97 vs. 37.95%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Thiazide diuretic use is the most common precipitant while hypertension is the commonest comorbidity in Nigerian gout patients. About two in five Nigerian gout patients had chronic kidney disease at presentation with age, proteinuria, BMI and PCV as significant associations. It is thus imperative to screen for chronic kidney disease when managing gout patients.

Psoriatic Arthritis in Nigeria: Case Series and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an extracutaneous manifestation of psoriasis occurring in 6% to 42% of patients. Both conditions are common among whites but rarely reported among black Africans.Few African studies, however, have reported PsA frequencies of 0% to 4.6%, with a previous case report of 2 patients from a Nigerian rheumatology clinic. METHODS: Case records of PsA patients from the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Rheumatology Clinic seen over a 5-year period from January 2012 to December 2016 were retrieved and documented.Psoriatic arthritis was diagnosed using the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis. Data on demography, clinical features, laboratory parameters, imaging, and treatment were extracted from case records. RESULTS: Twelve PsA cases were identified out of 2330 patients (0.5%) seen during the study period. There were 9 males and 3 females. Age range was 24 to 67 years (mean, 45.3 ± 15.1 years). Duration of psoriasis ranged between 11 and 96 months (mean, 46.8 ± 33.6 months), whereas median duration of arthritis at presentation was 15 months (range, 4-72 months).Oligoarthritis was the commonest presentation (58.3%). Dactylitis (66.7%) and enthesitis (44.7%) were frequent extra-articular features. All patients were negative for rheumatoid factor and human immunodeficiency virus. HLAB27 was negative in 5 patients tested.Treatment was mostly with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (100%) and methotrexate (75%). Only 1 patient received the biologic etanercept. Eight subjects (66.6%) showed initial improvement in skin and joint symptoms, of which 6 had a relapse within 6 to 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Psoriatic arthritis is rare among Nigerians and predominantly affects males in their fourth decade. Oligoarthritis is common, and extra-articular manifestations are frequent.

Spectrum of paediatric rheumatic diseases in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Paediatric rheumatology service in Sub-Sahara African is virtually not available as there is a shortage of paediatric rheumatologists and other rheumatology health professionals. We aim to describe the clinical spectrum and the frequencies of paediatric rheumatic diseases (PRDs) in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients with PRDs seen over a five year period (March 2010 to February 2016) at the rheumatology clinic and children ward of LASUTH. We reviewed the folders of 57 patients from our records. The demographics, baseline laboratory features, clinical diagnosis, treatment patterns and patient outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Clinical and laboratory characteristics between patients with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and patients with juvenile connective tissue diseases (JCTD) were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Fifty seven patients were studied with a female to male ratio of 3 to 1 (Female: 43; M: 14). The mean age at presentation in years was 14 ± 4.4 years (range: 1.5-22 years). The mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 18.4 ± .9 months (range: 2-60 months). The diagnostic types of PRDs included 28(49.1%) cases of JIA. These were made up of 14 cases of polyarticular JIA, nine cases of oligoarticular JIA and 5 cases of systemic onset JIA. Others were 18 (24.6%) cases of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE), 3 (5.3%) cases of joint hypermobility syndrome, 2 (3.5%) cases of juvenile systemic sclerosis, 2 (3.5%) cases of fibromyalgia, 2 (3.5%) cases of plantar fasciitis, 1 (1.6%) case of juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), 1 (1.6%) case of juvenile polymyositis-systemic lupus erythematosus (PM-SLE) overlap, 1 (1.6%) case of secondary bilateral knee osteoarthritis from Blount disease, 1 (1.6%) case of secondary osteoporosis from childhood leukemia and 1 (1.6%) case of Osgood-Schlatter's disease. Constitutional symptoms and extra-articular diseases were significantly more frequent among JCTD cases than among the JIA cases (Constitutional symptoms: 100% vs 83.3%, p = 0.003; extra-articular disease: 100% vs 10.7%, p = 0.001). The percentage mortality in this study was 10.5% while 20 (35.1%) of the patients were lost to clinic follow up. CONCLUSION: The pattern of PRDs observed in this study is similar to that described in South African and North American series but it differs from patterns reported in Asian series. Although hitherto largely unrecognized, PRDs may constitute a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in black Africans.