The Evolving Application of DNA-Based Genotyping of Red Blood Cells in Blood Grouping: A Narrative Review.

Blood grouping system is made of diversities of inherited specific antigen markers located on the red cell membrane. Exposure to foreign antigens not present in individual genetic make-up stimulates the production of the corresponding alloantibodies which often times is detrimental to health. The high throughput, specific and cost-effective DNA-based red cell genotyping has improved health care delivery in blood transfusion science by enhancing our understanding of the genetic variations which control the expression of red cell antigens. It improves efficiency, accuracy of test, and enhances personalized therapy especially in transfusion dependent patients. This review aims to evaluate the evolving application of DNA-based red cell genotyping in determining blood group. It has helped to resolve discrepancies encountered with the conventional serological testing especially in difficult-to-type patients. Rare cell phenotypes with no commercially available antisera or weakly reacting antigens are easily detected. Furthermore, in-utero fetal DNA genotyping for identifying fetus at risk of haemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (HDFN), selection of donors for bone-marrow transplant and monitoring haemopoietic progenitor cells after ABO mismatch are other important applications of DNA-based genotyping.

Le système de groupage sanguin est composé de diversités héréditaires marqueurs antigéniques spécifiques situés sur la membrane des globules rouges. Exposition à des antigènes étrangers non présents dans la génétique individuelle le maquillage stimule la production de la les alloanticorps qui sont souvent préjudiciables à la santé. Le rouge à base d'ADN à haut débit, spécifique et économique le génotypage cellulaire a amélioré la prestation des soins de santé dans le sang la science transfusionnelle en améliorant notre compréhension de la variations génétiques qui contrôlent l'expression des globules rouges antigènes. Il améliore l'efficacité, la précision du test et améliore thérapie personnalisée en particulier chez les transfusionnels les patients. Cette revue vise à évaluer l'application evolutive du génotypage des globules rouges à base d'ADN dans la détermination du groupe sanguin. Il a permis de résoudre les écarts rencontrés avec le tests sérologiques conventionnels, en particulier dans les cas difficiles à taper les patients. Phénotypes de cellules rares sans les antisérums ou les antigènes faiblement réactifs sont facilement détectés. De plus, le génotypage de l'ADN fœtal in utero pour identifier fœtus à risque de maladie hémolytique du fœtus et du nouveau-né (HDFN), sélection de donneurs pour greffe de moelle osseuse et surveillance des cellules progénitrices hémopoïétiques après mésappariement ABO sont d'autres applications importantes du génotypage basé sur l'ADN.

Serum Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines in Helminth Infested Pregnant Women and Cord Blood of their Babies in Relation to Pregnancy Outcome.

Pregnancy places a very high demand on physical, physiological and immunological responses of females,especially when aggravated by parasitic infestation. There is strong evidence that maternal infestations with helminth haveprofound effects on immunity to helminths and other pathogens. This case-control study involved 245 pregnant women aged18-40 years (>30 weeks of gestation) recruited from three secondary level hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Morning stoolsamples collected from pregnant women were examine for intestinal helminths using formol-ether concentration method. Atotal of 38 participants comprising 17 Helminth Positive (HP) and 21 Helminth Negative (HN) pregnant women werepurposely selected for the study. Sera from these women (38) and their babies' cord (38) were analysed for immune factors[interleukins 6 and 8 (IL-6, IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and immunoglobulin E (IgE)] were analyzed usingELISA. Anthropometric indices [weight and height in mothers and babies and Chest Circumference (CC) in babies] weremeasured using standard methods. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and analysed using Student t-test and Pearsoncorrelation at α0.05. Only Ascaris lumbricoides was found in the 17 (6.9%) infested pregnant women. The mean levels of IL-6 (57.8 ± 32.8 vs 52.8±39.6 pg/mL), IL-8 (24.3±3.5 vs 22.0±7.1 pg/mL) and IgE (333.3±96.6 vs 242.3±96.8 IU/mL) weresimilar in HP when compared with HN. In cord sera, IL-8 level was significantly higher in babies of HP (23.7±3.9 pg/mL)compared with babies of HN (20.1±5.9 pg/mL). The levels of IL-6, TNF-α and nutritional indices in HP had significantpositive correlation with corresponding levels in babies of HP mothers. Only CC was significantly lowered in babies of HPcompared with HN mothers. Other anthropometric indices were not significantly different. Therefore, this present studysuggests that helminth infestation may lead to strong Th2 immune responses as is reflected by the cytokine levels of mothersand babies as well as anthropometric measurements of babies of infested mothers. The outcomes of this study provide basisto deworm pregnant women during pregnancy.