ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The object of this study was to evaluate the results of a comprehensive clinical care pathway (CCP) aimed at reducing the length of hospitalization and overall cost for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy in a setting including both academic and private physicians. METHODS: The clinical records of 1,129 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy by 24 urologists between July 1, 1990, and December 31, 1996, were reviewed. The factors considered were length of stay, morbidity and mortality, readmission rates, and average cost. The CCP was implemented on January 1, 1994. Its scope was to minimize preoperative evaluation, eliminate the preoperative hospital stay, standardize postoperative care and provide intensive patient education. RESULTS: The average length of stay decreased significantly after implementation of the CCP (8.1 vs. 4.9 days, p = 0.0001). In 1990, there was a large difference in length of stay between academic and private physicians (8.3 vs. 12.6 days) (p = 0. 02) but by 1 year after implementation of the CCP there was virtually no difference (4.69 vs. 4.71 days) (p > 0.05). Complication rates were similar before and after implementation of the CCP. Using the average 1993 cost/case as the baseline preCCP figure, the average cost of radical prostatectomy decreased by 16% in 1994 and by 22% in 1995. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to successfully implement a CCP in a multi-physician system to reduce length of stay and cost of radical prostatectomy without subjecting the patient to a greater risk of complication.
Subject(s)
Critical Pathways , Prostatectomy , Costs and Cost Analysis , Humans , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Prostatectomy/economics , Prostatectomy/nursingABSTRACT
Testes weights, sperm motility and enzyme activities in single sperm were compared with respect to their ability to detect either developmental or mutational damage to germ cells. Male mice were injected i.p. with 2.5 mg/kg mitomycin C (MC) or 50 or 100 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea (ENU) or saline and were then killed at times such that sperm derived from treated vas sperm (SZ), spermatids (ST), preleptotene-late-spermatogonial cells (PLSG), spermatogonial cells (SG), or spermatogonial stem cells (SGS) could be evaluated. Testis weights decreased significantly as early as 1 wk after treatment, with the greatest decrease reached 3-4 wk after treatment, followed by recovery to normal levels 10-15 wk after treatment. We conclude that testis weight, which is easily obtained, is a sensitive indicator of germ cell damage by these agents. Sperm from each animal were evaluated for sperm motility, acrosin activity, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity with or without the competitive inhibitor malonate or after exposure to 60 degrees C for 10 min. The latter two assays were to detect sperm enzymes resistant to the inhibitor or heat. The presence of the acrosin protein was also detected immunologically. Sperm motility decreased most from treatment of PLSG and SG. After MC or ENU treatment, the greatest loss of acrosin activity and of the acrosin protein was also noted in sperm derived from treated PLSG and SG. MC and ENU failed to induce SDH activity in single sperm resistant to 60 degrees C heat inhibition or to inhibition by malonate. Of the sperm assays, acrosin activity proved to be the most sensitive indicator of germ cell damage and was the simplest to measure.
Subject(s)
Acrosin/metabolism , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity , Endopeptidases/metabolism , Ethylnitrosourea/toxicity , Mitomycins/toxicity , Mutagens , Nitrosourea Compounds/toxicity , Sperm Motility/drug effects , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Succinate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Testis/drug effects , Animals , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Mitomycin , Organ Size/drug effects , Testis/enzymologyABSTRACT
Histochemical procedures for the mouse sperm enzymes hyaluronidase, esterase and acrosin were used to test the inhibitory effects of the low molecular weight hyaluronidase inhibitor sodium aurothiomalate (Myocrisin): hyaluronidase and esterase, but not acrosin, were inhibited. These enzymes were also inhibited in testis homogenates when assayed spectrophotometrically. These results suggest that the antifertility effects of sodium aurothiomalate may be due to the inhibition of several sperm enzymes including both hyaluronidase and esterase. These histochemical assays may be useful for in-vivo detection of chemicals that affect male fertility.
Subject(s)
Gold Sodium Thiomalate/pharmacology , Spermatozoa/enzymology , Acrosin/antagonists & inhibitors , Acrosin/metabolism , Animals , Esterases/antagonists & inhibitors , Esterases/metabolism , Histocytochemistry , Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/metabolism , Male , Mice , Spectrophotometry , Spermatozoa/drug effectsABSTRACT
Sperm acrosin proteolytic activity in single sperm can be detected by a protein-free halo on a gelatin-substrate film. With current techniques, halos have variable sizes and are often absent because of unevenness of the hand-spread gelatin-substrate film. We prepared gelatin-substrate films with a coating machine. Using these films, halos were formed uniformly throughout the gelatin-substrate films in the vicinity of single mammalian sperm. The level of acrosin activity as determined by halo diameters was human greater than dog greater than squirrel monkey greater than mouse greater than rat. This simple and reproducible technique may be used to diagnose infertility due to decreased acrosin activity, as a screening method for identifying compounds with male sterility effects, and for identifying agents with developmental and/or genetic effects.
