Assessing student perceptions of the clinical teachers' performance during early clinical exposure.

BACKGROUND: The clinical teachers' attributes can be grouped into physician competencies, teacher competencies, and personal characteristics. Global performance is considered the clinical teacher's capacity to facilitate an active and stimulating learning process for medical students and a warm, supportive, and pleasant environment. AIM: To determine which attributes of the clinical teacher influence their global performance from the students' point of view. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Role Model Apperception Tool questionnaire (RoMAT) was answered by 133 second-year medical students at the University of Chile during 2018. RESULTS: The students assessed 37 clinical teachers. Teaching competencies had the higher influence in global performance. Personal characteristics also had a significant influence. Physician competencies had an indirect influence on teaching competencies. The model obtained 88% of the explained variance of the teacher's global performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that teacher competencies, personal characteristics, and physician competencies are qualities that influence the perception of the global performance of clinical teachers.

Assessing student perceptions of the clinical teachers' performance during early clinical exposure / Evaluación de la percepción de los estudiantes acerca de los atributos de sus tutores en los primeros cursos clínicos

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The clinical teachers' attributes can be grouped into physician competencies, teacher competencies, and personal characteristics. Global performance is considered the clinical teacher's capacity to facilitate an active and stimulating learning process for medical students and a warm, supportive, and pleasant environment. AIM: To determine which attributes of the clinical teacher influence their global performance from the students' point of view. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Role Model Apperception Tool questionnaire (RoMAT) was answered by 133 second-year medical students at the University of Chile during 2018. RESULTS: The students assessed 37 clinical teachers. Teaching competencies had the higher influence in global performance. Personal characteristics also had a significant influence. Physician competencies had an indirect influence on teaching competencies. The model obtained 88% of the explained variance of the teacher's global performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that teacher competencies, personal characteristics, and physician competencies are qualities that influence the perception of the global performance of clinical teachers.

ANTECEDENTES: Los atributos de un tutor clínico pueden agruparse en competencias clínicas, competencias docentes y características personales. En el desempeño global del tutor se considera su capacidad de facilitar un proceso de aprendizaje activo y estimulante y generar un ambiente cálido y de soporte. OBJETIVO: Determinar qué atributos del tutor clínico, evaluados por los estudiantes, influyen sobre su desempeño global. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: La escala "Role Model Apperception Tool" fue contestada por 133 estudiantes de segundo año de medicina en la Universidad de Chile durante el 2018. RESULTADOS: Los estudiantes evaluaron 37 tutores clínicos. Las competencias docentes tuvieron la mayor influencia sobre el desempeño global. Las características personales también mostraron influencia significativa. Las competencias clínicas influyeron indirectamente a través de las competencias docentes. El modelo logró explicar 88% de la varianza del desempeño global del tutor clínico. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio muestra que las competencias docentes, características personales y competencias clínicas influyen sobre la evaluación de los estudiantes sobre el desempeño global del tutor.

Determinants of the intention to speak up about medical error in primary healthcare settings in Chile.

Medical error frequently occurs in ambulatory care, and healthcare professionals may encounter situations in which they need to speak up to ensure better practice. This study aims to investigate the factors that influenced the intention to speak up about medical errors among healthcare professionals in primary care settings. Data were generated through a national cross-sectional survey of primary healthcare centres in the Republic of Chile. A research instrument was designed using the constructs of the theory of planned behaviour and was analysed using the structural equation model technique. In total, 203 healthcare professionals were recruited between March and May 2020. The model showed that the intention to speak up was directly and positively influenced by attitudes towards speaking up and perceived control (standard deviation [SD] = 0.284 and 0.576, respectively). Subjective norms indirectly and negatively influenced the intention to speak up through attitudes towards speaking up and perceived control (total effect SD = -0.303). The exploratory construct of willingness to change self-behaviour positively influenced the attitude towards behaviour. The intention to speak up strongly influenced the speaking up behaviour (total effect SD = 0.631). The proposed model explained 40% of the variance in behaviour. Based on this model, it was concluded that the intention to speak up strongly influenced the speaking up behaviour and predicted it by 40%. Factors that modify the intention to speak up are expected to influence the occurrence of this behaviour. This knowledge will inform strategies to enhance communication among healthcare professionals, improve speaking up behaviour and improve patient care.

Los atributos de un tutor clínico de excelencia: una revisión sistemática

Knowing what characterizes an excellent teacher is relevant to guide training, evaluation, and continuous improvement of the clinical teacher. We performed a systematic review using the PRISMA protocol, aiming to identify the attributes of an excellent clinical teacher. MEDLINE, ERIC, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published in English and Spanish, between 2007 and 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted and synthesized data from articles that met the PRISMA pre-established criteria. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Of the 106 attributes reported by the studies, 49 (46,2%) were generic. The most frequently mentioned attribute was respectfulness. Forty-six attributes (43,3%) were pedagogical. Feedback and planning were those most frequently mentioned. Eleven attributes (10,3%) were disciplinary and clinical skills was the most mentioned. We conclude that generic and pedagogical dimensions had a greater representation in the literature, in comparison with the disciplinary dimension. This could be explained, considering that having adequate clinical skills is the minimal necessary requisite to become a clinical teacher, but does not make a difference in how their performance is perceived, contrary to the generic and pedagogical dimensions.

[A systematic review about the most important attributes of clinical teachers]. / Los atributos de un tutor clínico de excelencia: una revisión sistemática.

Knowing what characterizes an excellent teacher is relevant to guide training, evaluation, and continuous improvement of the clinical teacher. We performed a systematic review using the PRISMA protocol, aiming to identify the attributes of an excellent clinical teacher. MEDLINE, ERIC, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published in English and Spanish, between 2007 and 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted and synthesized data from articles that met the PRISMA pre-established criteria. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Of the 106 attributes reported by the studies, 49 (46,2%) were generic. The most frequently mentioned attribute was respectfulness. Forty-six attributes (43,3%) were pedagogical. Feedback and planning were those most frequently mentioned. Eleven attributes (10,3%) were disciplinary and clinical skills was the most mentioned. We conclude that generic and pedagogical dimensions had a greater representation in the literature, in comparison with the disciplinary dimension. This could be explained, considering that having adequate clinical skills is the minimal necessary requisite to become a clinical teacher, but does not make a difference in how their performance is perceived, contrary to the generic and pedagogical dimensions.