How empathy, perceived parental care, and overprotection indexes are affected by participants' sex: investigating cultural differences.

Culture seems to affect how empathy's development is influenced by parental behaviors. Considering that empathy is a social ability whose development is affected by many environmental and biological factors, differences can be expected in the way fathers and mothers care for and protect their sons and daughters, as social roles are influenced by culture. The objective of this research was to assess to what extent empathy, perceived parental care, and overprotection are affected by the offspring's sex. 477 adults participated in the study and three instruments were used: the Brazilian versions of the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Empathy Quotient. Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and moderation analyses were conducted. Maternal and paternal care were related to empathy variables for women in the Brazilian context, whereas the perceived parenting behaviors of care and overprotection did not show significant associations with empathy for male participants. Preliminary analysis also suggests that the offspring's sex influences paternal care expressed through variables such as perspective taking and combined cognitive empathy. This study's outcomes suggest that the way Brazilian parents behave is dependent on their offspring's sex. The main results were discussed in comparison to literature that used distinct cultural samples, especially to the outcomes found in British reports, to identify Brazilian parents' behaviors specificities and their association with the autonomous-relational parenting orientation.

Sentido de propriedade em crianças: bases evolucionistas / Sense of ownership in children: evolutionary bases

Resumen O sentido de propriedade reflete o entendimento e o julgamento que as pessoas apresentam em relação à apropriação e ao uso dos recursos disponíveis. A partir de um enfoque evolucionista, os objetivos deste artigo foram realizar uma análise teórica sobre a ontogênese do sentido de propriedade buscando descrever os critérios utilizados pelas crianças para atribuírem a propriedade a alguém e lançar uma hipótese explicativa de haver alguma vantagem adaptativa para essa capacidade. Conclusões preliminares sugerem que crianças, em diferentes culturas, usam variados critérios para fazerem julgamentos e inferências sobre a posse e a propriedade e que o aparecimento precoce dessa capacidade desempenharia importante papel para as interações sociais, tais como o de minimizar conflitos originados pela disputa de recursos.

Abstract The sense of ownership reflects people's understanding and judgment regarding the appropriation and use of available resources. From an evolutionary approach, the aims of this paper were to conduct a theoretical analysis on the ontogenesis of the sense of property, seeking to describe the criteria used by children to assign property to someone and to put forward an explanatory hypothesis that there is an adaptive advantage in this capacity. Preliminary conclusions suggest that children, in different cultures, use varying criteria to make judgments and inferences about possess and ownership, and that the early emergence of this ability would play an important role in social interactions, such as minimizing conflicts arising from resource disputes.

Palavras associadas ao câncer infantil: um levantamento exploratório / Words associated with child cancer: an exploratory survey / Palabras asociadas al cáncer infantil: un levantamiento exploratorio

O diagnóstico de câncer em crianças causa um forte impacto na população, acompanhado principalmente por pensamentos negativos, apesar dos índices de cura terem aumentado nos últimos anos. Assim sendo, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a percepção acerca do câncer infantil. Participaram 331 adultos, 155 com ou sem filhos e 176 pais de crianças com câncer. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois tipos de questionário: um sóciodemográfico, e outro de percepções sobre o câncer infantil. Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva e uso do qui-quadrado. Os resultados indicaram que as percepções relacionadas ao câncer são predominantemente negativas. Diante disso, conclui-se que o câncer infantil está relacionado a um estigma de morte e sofrimento, o que está em contradição com os índices atuais de cura. Desse modo, o investimento no desenvolvimento de um trabalho de informação e conscientização da população pode ser importante para que o câncer seja visto de uma maneira mais realista.(AU)

The diagnosis of cancer in children has a strong impact on the population and it is accompanied mainly by negative thoughts, although cure rates have increased in recent years. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the perception about childhood cancer. There were 331 adults, 155 with or without children and 176 parents of children with cancer. A sociodemographic questionnaire and a questionnaire on child cancer perceptions were used. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and chi-square use. The results indicated that perceptions related to cancer are predominantly negative. Therefore, it is concluded that childhood cancer is related to a stigma of death and suffering, which is in contradiction with current rates of cure. Thus, investing in the development of information and population awareness work may be important for cancer to be seen in a more realistic way.(AU)

El diagnóstico del cáncer infantil causa un fuerte impacto en la población y está asociado, sobre todo, a los pensamientos negativos, a pesar del aumento de los índices de curación en los últimos años. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la percepción sobre el cáncer infantil. Participaron de la investigación 331 adultos, siendo 155 con o sin hijos y 176 padres de niños con cáncer. Fueron utilizados un cuestionario sociodemográfico y otro de percepciones sobre el cáncer infantil. Los datos fueron analizados a través de la estadística descriptiva y del uso de qui-quadrado. Los resultados indicaron que las percepciones relacionadas al cáncer son predominantemente negativas. Se concluye que el cáncer infantil está relacionado a un estigma de muerte y sufrimiento, lo que es contrario a los índices actuales de curación. Así, la inversión en el desarrollo de un trabajo de información y concienciación de la población puede ser importante para que el cáncer sea entendido de una manera más realista.(AU)

Reflexões sobre o trabalho do psicólogo do esporte em uma academia de ginástica / Reflections on Sport Psychologist working in fitness centers / Reflexiones sobre Psicólogo del Esporte de trabajo en centros de acondicionamiento

O presente estudo buscou desenvolver uma reflexão sobre a prática do psicólogo do esporte dentro de uma academia de ginástica a partir do relato de experiência de estágio em psicologia. Foi realizada uma pesquisa com alunos e professores que possibilitou a contextualização do ambiente da academia e o planejamento das atividades a serem realizadas. A experiência de estágio possibilitou o início de uma reflexão sobre o campo de atuação do psicólogo do esporte nas academias de ginástica apontando ricas possibilidades para ações e intervenções em diferentes contextos que envolvam atividade física.

This study sought to develop a reflection on the sport psychologist practice within a health club, from the report of internship experience in psychology. We reflect on the role of this professional in that area, seeking to build tune actions with the sports psychology field. The work encompassed interventions with students and teachers. At the end, stage experience pointed to the possibility of sport psychologist's performance in the gyms, pointing to health promotion and support team work, thus contributing to the development of actions in the field of sport psychology.

Este estudio trata de desarrollar una reflexión sobre la práctica psicólogo del deporte en un club de salud, a partir del informe de la experiencia de prácticas en psicología. Reflexionamos sobre el papel de este profesional en esa área, buscando construir acciones sintonía con el campo de la psicología del deporte. El trabajo abarcó intervenciones con alumnos y profesores. Al final, la experiencia etapa apuntó a la posibilidad de que el rendimiento deportivo del psicólogo en los gimnasios, que apunta a promover la salud y el trabajo en equipo de apoyo, contribuyendo así al desarrollo de acciones en el campo de la psicología del deporte.

Update on epidemiology of HCV in Italy: focus on the Calabria Region.

The epidemiological profile of HCV infection is evolving in Europe, as well as in Italy. We have previously showed genotype distributions and their dynamics in 2,153 HCV RNA positive patients living in Calabria, Southern Italy, over 11 years. In this study, we extend and update this information by evaluating a hospital-based cohort of 945 HCV RNA positive patients attending five hospitals in the Calabria Region from January 2011 to August 2013. We assessed rates of HCV genotypes according to age and gender and the dynamics of HCV genotype distribution over the 3-year period studied. Data showed that genotype 1b is the most prevalent, followed by subtypes 2a/2c and genotype 3. Genotype 4 exhibited an increase between 2011 and 2013. Also, we found a significant decrease in the median age of subjects infected with HCV genotype 3 and 4 during the period studied. Since HCV genotypes are important in epidemiology, pathogenesis and response to antiviral therapy, a continuous epidemiological surveillance is needed.

Ownership reasoning in children across cultures.

To what extent do early intuitions about ownership depend on cultural and socio-economic circumstances? We investigated the question by testing reasoning about third party ownership conflicts in various groups of three- and five-year-old children (N=176), growing up in seven highly contrasted social, economic, and cultural circumstances (urban rich, poor, very poor, rural poor, and traditional) spanning three continents. Each child was presented with a series of scripts involving two identical dolls fighting over an object of possession. The child had to decide who of the two dolls should own the object. Each script enacted various potential reasons for attributing ownership: creation, familiarity, first contact, equity, plus a control/neutral condition with no suggested reasons. Results show that across cultures, children are significantly more consistent and decisive in attributing ownership when one of the protagonists created the object. Development between three and five years is more or less pronounced depending on culture. The propensity to split the object in equal halves whenever possible was generally higher at certain locations (i.e., China) and quasi-inexistent in others (i.e., Vanuatu and street children of Recife). Overall, creation reasons appear to be more primordial and stable across cultures than familiarity, relative wealth or first contact. This trend does not correlate with the passing of false belief theory of mind.

Dimensions of familial allocentrism in Brazilian mothers from state capitals and small cities.

This study focuses on 606 Brazilian women's cultural models regarding their relation with their family, as evaluated by the Family Allocentrism Idiocentrism Scale (FAS). The scale was translated into Portuguese, submitted to back-translation and adapted. Analyses of the scale's structure indicated that the best fit model involves two independent factors. Univariate GLM (General Linear Model) analyses showed that the place where mothers were raised presented a significant effect on their scores on factor 1 (normative familial allocentrism). Mothers raised on rural areas have higher scores on this factor, than the ones raised on urban areas. The opposite occurred with factor 2 (relational familial allocentrism). The set of evidences indicate that the FAS may be a bi-dimensional measure. One dimension would be part of a more stable and basic model of relation to family, constructed during development. The second dimension would be related to more recent experiences and would be more readily affected by socio-cultural context changes, including in acculturation processes.

Dimensions of familial allocentrism in Brazilian mothers from state capitals and small cities

This study focuses on 606 Brazilian women’s cultural models regarding their relation with their family, as evaluated by the Family Allocentrism Idiocentrism Scale (FAS). The scale was translated into Portuguese, submitted to back-translation and adapted. Analyses of the scale’s structure indicated that the best fit model involves two independent factors. Univariate GLM (General Linear Model) analyses showed that the place where mothers were raised presented a significant effect on their scores on factor 1 (normative familial allocentrism). Mothers raised on rural areas have higher scores on this factor, than the ones raised on urban areas. The opposite occurred with factor 2 (relational familial allocentrism). The set of evidences indicate that the FAS may be a bi-dimensional measure. One dimension would be part of a more stable and basic model of relation to family, constructed during development. The second dimension would be related to more recent experiences and would be more readily affected by socio-cultural context changes, including in acculturation processes (AU)

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Profiles of maternal care observed in a group of Brazilian mothers: an exploratory study.

The aim of this study is to characterize profiles of maternal care in a sample of Brazilian mothers, using a cultural-biological perspective. Participants were 315 women who had at least one child younger than six years-old. They were selected from six Brazilian states. In each state, two groups of mothers were studied, one from the capital and one from a small city. They were interviewed and answered scales on allocentrism, social support, adult attachment, and practices of childcare. Mothers' characteristics, the type of context (capital vs. small city), and reported childcare practices were used in a Tree analysis. A Correspondence analysis was performed using the four clusters obtained and mothers' answers regarding their youngest child. Univariate GLM analyses were performed to compare mothers in the four clusters in terms of their scores on the different scales. Four maternal profiles presenting distinctive patterns of association between mothers' characteristics and care practices displayed to the youngest child were identified. We conclude that maternal care is a multi-determined phenomenon and that the method employed in this study can give insights into how the combination of diverse social-biological factors can result in a set of childcare practices.

Profiles of maternal care observed in a group of brazilian mothers: an exploratory study

The aim of this study is to characterize profiles of maternal care in a sample of Brazilian mothers, using a culturalbiological perspective. Participants were 315 women who had at least one child younger than six years-old. They were selected from six Brazilian states. In each state, two groups of mothers were studied, one from the capital and one from a small city. They were interviewed and answered scales on allocentrism, social support, adult attachment, and practices of childcare. Mothers’ characteristics, the type of context (capital vs. small city), and reported childcare practices were used in a Tree analysis. A Correspondence analysis was performed using the four clusters obtained and mothers’ answers regarding their youngest child. Univariate GLM analyses were performed to compare mothers in the four clusters in terms of their scores on the different scales. Four maternal profiles presenting distinctive patterns of association between mothers’ characteristics and care practices displayed to the youngest child were identified. We conclude that maternal care is a multi-determined phenomenon and that the method employed in this study can give insights into how the combination of diverse social-biological factors can result in a set of childcare practices (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar los perfiles de atención materna en una muestra de madres brasileñas, desde una perspectiva cultural-biológica. Las participantes fueron 315 mujeres que tenían al menos un hijo menor de seis años. Fueron seleccionadas en seis estados brasileños. En cada estado, se estudiaron dos grupos de madres, uno de la capital y otro de una ciudad pequeña. Fueron entrevistadas y se les administró la escala de alocentrismo, la de apoyo social, la de apego en adultos, y la de prácticas de cuidado en niños. Las características maternas, el tipo de contexto (la capital vs. ciudad pequeña), y la información aportada sobre prácticas de cuidado en niños, fueron utilizados en un árbol de decisión. Utilizando los cuatro grupos obtenidos y las respuestas de las madres sobre sus hijos más pequeños, se realizó un análisis de correspondencias. Para comparar a las madres en los cuatro grupos, en función de sus puntuaciones en las diferentes escalas, se utilizaron análisis univariados mediante el procedimiento GLM. Fueron identificados cuatro perfiles maternos que presentan patrones distintivos de asociación entre las características maternas y las prácticas de cuidado que se dispensan a los niños más pequeños. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la atención materna es un fenómeno multi-determinado y que el método empleado en este estudio puede proporcionarnos mayor información sobre cómo puede resultar la combinación de diversos factores sociobiológicos, en un conjunto de prácticas de cuidado infantil (AU)

Ambiente de desenvolvimento e início da vida reprodutiva em mulheres Brasileiras / Environment of development and the start of Brazilian women's reproductive life

Modelos teóricos inspirados na teoria da história de vida têm avaliado padrões de reprodução humanos em países desenvolvidos, com resultados ainda não conclusivos. Em vista das condições de vida na população brasileira, foram investigadas relações entre marcos da carreira reprodutiva feminina, condições ambientais e variáveis psicossociais relacionadas às condições de criação. Foram entrevistadas 606 mulheres em seis estados. Os resultados apóiam a teoria da história de vida, mostrando associações entre condições de vida na infância e início da vida sexual e da reprodução, mas não com a idade da menarca. Sugerimos que diferentes marcadores da vida reprodutiva podem estar sob controle de diferentes fenômenos e que a diversidade de condições da população brasileira oferece contextos alternativos para testar hipóteses.(AU)

Several models inspired by the life history theory have assessed the patterns of human reproduction in developed countries with promising but inconclusive results. Considering the diversity of life conditions in Brazil, we investigated the relationship between the time of main events in female reproductive life, environmental conditions and psychosocial variables related to child-rearing. We interviewed 606 women in six different states in Brazil. Results corroborate the life history theory, showing associations among the investigated factors, especially between life conditions during childhood and the beginning of sexual life and reproduction, but not to sexual maturity. We suggest that landmarks in reproductive life, although related, can be under the influence of several phenomena. Diversity of life conditions in Brazil offers alternative contexts to hypotheses testing.(AU)

Ambiente de desenvolvimento e início da vida reprodutiva em mulheres Brasileiras / Environment of development and the start of Brazilian women's reproductive life

Modelos teóricos inspirados na teoria da história de vida têm avaliado padrões de reprodução humanos em países desenvolvidos, com resultados ainda não conclusivos. Em vista das condições de vida na população brasileira, foram investigadas relações entre marcos da carreira reprodutiva feminina, condições ambientais e variáveis psicossociais relacionadas às condições de criação. Foram entrevistadas 606 mulheres em seis estados. Os resultados apóiam a teoria da história de vida, mostrando associações entre condições de vida na infância e início da vida sexual e da reprodução, mas não com a idade da menarca. Sugerimos que diferentes marcadores da vida reprodutiva podem estar sob controle de diferentes fenômenos e que a diversidade de condições da população brasileira oferece contextos alternativos para testar hipóteses.

Several models inspired by the life history theory have assessed the patterns of human reproduction in developed countries with promising but inconclusive results. Considering the diversity of life conditions in Brazil, we investigated the relationship between the time of main events in female reproductive life, environmental conditions and psychosocial variables related to child-rearing. We interviewed 606 women in six different states in Brazil. Results corroborate the life history theory, showing associations among the investigated factors, especially between life conditions during childhood and the beginning of sexual life and reproduction, but not to sexual maturity. We suggest that landmarks in reproductive life, although related, can be under the influence of several phenomena. Diversity of life conditions in Brazil offers alternative contexts to hypotheses testing.

Autonomy and interdependence: beliefs of brazilian mothers from state capitals and small towns

This study aimed to investigate characteristics of Brazilian mothers’ beliefs system, in the dimensions of autonomy and interdependence. A group of 600 women, half from state capitals and half from small towns, participated in the study. They were individually interviewed with Scales of Allocentrism, Beliefs about Parental Practices and Socialization Goals. Paired and Independent samples t tests and Multivariate GLM were performed. The results indicate that although mothers from both contexts value autonomy, mothers inhabiting small towns considered the relational dimension as the most important; whereas mothers inhabiting capitals valued equally both dimensions, either in their beliefs about practices or in the socialization goals for their children. Mothers from small towns have a higher mean score for allocentrism than mothers living in capitals. Thus, place of residence proved to be a relevant variable in the modulation of maternal beliefs. Educational level was not a significant factor in the variables considered and with this group of mothers. The study results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the understanding of the complex relationship between dimensions of autonomy and interdependence in mothers’ beliefs system (AU)

El propósito de esta investigación fue investigar las características del sistema de creencias de las madres brasileñas en las dimensiones de autonomía e interdependencia. Participaron en el estudio un grupo de 600 mujeres, la mitad proveniente de la capital y la otra mitad de pequeñas ciudades. Las mujeres fueron individualmente evaluadas en una Escala de Alocentrismo, creencias acerca de prácticas parentales y metas de socialización. Los datos se analizaron en función de pruebas t emparejadas e independientes, y análisis multivariado MLG. Los resultados mostraron que aunque las madres de ambos contextos valoraban la autonomía, las madres de ciudades más pequeñas consideraron más importante la dimensión relacional; mientras que las madres provenientes de capitales valoraban por igual las dimensiones relativas a su sistema de creencias parentales y las metas de socialización. Por otra parte, las madres de ciudades más pequeñas obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en alocentrismo que las madres de las capitales. Asimismo, el lugar de residencia se consideró como un factor relevante en la modulación del sistema de creencias maternas. El nivel educativo no fue un factor significativo en las variables evaluadas ni con la muestra utilizada. En general, los resultados del estudio se discuten en términos de su contribución para la compresión de las complejas relaciones entre las dimensiones de autonomía e interdependencia en el sistema de creencias de las madres (AU)

Autonomy and interdependence: beliefs of Brazilian mothers from state capitals and small towns.

This study aimed to investigate characteristics of Brazilian mothers' beliefs system, in the dimensions of autonomy and interdependence. A group of 600 women, half from state capitals and half from small towns, participated in the study. They were individually interviewed with Scales of Allocentrism, Beliefs about Parental Practices and Socialization Goals. Paired and Independent samples t tests and Multivariate GLM were performed. The results indicate that although mothers from both contexts value autonomy, mothers inhabiting small towns considered the relational dimension as the most important; whereas mothers inhabiting capitals valued equally both dimensions, either in their beliefs about practices or in the socialization goals for their children. Mothers from small towns have a higher mean score for allocentrism than mothers living in capitals. Thus, place of residence proved to be a relevant variable in the modulation of maternal beliefs. Educational level was not a significant factor in the variables considered and with this group of mothers. The study results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the understanding of the complex relationship between dimensions of autonomy and interdependence in mothers' beliefs system.

Plasticidade sináptica: natureza e cultura moldando o Self

O cérebro em desenvolvimento segue inicialmente um plano genético, estabelecido pela história evolutiva da espécie humana, porém é muito sensível ao ambiente. Estímulos ambientais modificam a estrutura dos circuitos neurais, refinando e tornando as sinapses, alvo de ação dos neurotransmissores, mais eficientes por meio de atividade elétrica e mensageiros químicos. O objetivo desse estudo é discutir teoricamente como a plasticidade e a especificação prévia de sistemas cerebrais coexistem no cérebro. Conclui-se destacando a importância de integrar aspectos de aprendizagem social e da biologia na construção e refinamento das variadas habilidades humanas.(AU)

The developing brain requires a genetic plan, established by the evolutionary history of human species, but it is also very sensitive to the surrounding environment. Environmental stimuli can modify the structure of neural circuits, refining and making synapses, which are the target of neurotransmitters, more efficient by electrical activity and chemical messengers. The aim of the present study is to discuss theoretically how both plasticity and previous specification of brain systems coexist in the brain. The conclusion shows the importance to integrate aspects of social learning and biology in building and refining the various humane skills.(AU)

Plasticidade sináptica: natureza e cultura moldando o Self / Synaptic plasticity: nature and nurture shaping the self

O cérebro em desenvolvimento segue inicialmente um plano genético, estabelecido pela história evolutiva da espécie humana, porém é muito sensível ao ambiente. Estímulos ambientais modificam a estrutura dos circuitos neurais, refinando e tornando as sinapses, alvo de ação dos neurotransmissores, mais eficientes por meio de atividade elétrica e mensageiros químicos. O objetivo desse estudo é discutir teoricamente como a plasticidade e a especificação prévia de sistemas cerebrais coexistem no cérebro. Conclui-se destacando a importância de integrar aspectos de aprendizagem social e da biologia na construção e refinamento das variadas habilidades humanas.

The developing brain requires a genetic plan, established by the evolutionary history of human species, but it is also very sensitive to the surrounding environment. Environmental stimuli can modify the structure of neural circuits, refining and making synapses, which are the target of neurotransmitters, more efficient by electrical activity and chemical messengers. The aim of the present study is to discuss theoretically how both plasticity and previous specification of brain systems coexist in the brain. The conclusion shows the importance to integrate aspects of social learning and biology in building and refining the various humane skills.

A análise da fala materna dirigida a bebês em duas etapas do desenvolvimento / Analyses of maternal speech to babies in two steps of the development

A linguagem é considerada um instrumento de mediação simbólica que caracteriza a espécie humana e é fundamental nas trocas interpessoais e na internalização dos processos constituídos nessas trocas. Neste artigo foram descritas contribuições teóricas acerca do desenvolvimento da linguagem, e o papel da fala do adulto nesse processo. O modelo de Roman Jackobson foi adotado para análise de características pragmáticas da fala materna. Foram transcritas e analisadas as falas maternas em 40 díades, em dois momentos do desenvolvimento do bebê (30 dias e 5 meses). Foram ainda analisados os aspectos afetivos e cognitivos dessa linguagem. Os resultados mostraram uma predominância da função fática em ambas as faixas etárias. Houve também predominância dos aspectos afetivos em relação aos cognitivos. Acredita-se que o conhecimento das características da fala materna em etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento e a identificação dos aspectos pragmáticos, que podem colaborar para o desenvolvimento da linguagem infantil, são de especial relevância.(AU)

Language is considered an instrument of symbolic mediation that characterizes the human species, involved in interpersonal exchanges and internalization of the processes that are constructed in these exchanges. In this article the theoretical contributions and conceptions about language development were described, and the role of adults’ speech in this process. Roman Jackobson’s model of was adopted for the analyses of pragmatic characteristics of mothers’ speech. Mothers’ talk of 40 dyads were transcribed and analyzed in two moments of the babies’ development (30 days and 5 months). The affective and cognitive aspects of maternal language were also analyzed. The results indicated the predominance of phatic function in both age groups. Affective aspects were also more frequent in relation to cognitive ones. Knowledge about maternal and child language characteristics at the initial stages of development, and the identification of its pragmatic aspects that can contribute for child language development are relevant.(AU)

A análise da fala materna dirigida a bebês em duas etapas do desenvolvimento / Analyses of maternal speech to babies in two steps of the development

A linguagem é considerada um instrumento de mediação simbólica que caracteriza a espécie humana e é fundamental nas trocas interpessoais e na internalização dos processos constituídos nessas trocas. Neste artigo foram descritas contribuições teóricas acerca do desenvolvimento da linguagem, e o papel da fala do adulto nesse processo. O modelo de Roman Jackobson foi adotado para análise de características pragmáticas da fala materna. Foram transcritas e analisadas as falas maternas em 40 díades, em dois momentos do desenvolvimento do bebê (30 dias e 5 meses). Foram ainda analisados os aspectos afetivos e cognitivos dessa linguagem. Os resultados mostraram uma predominância da função fática em ambas as faixas etárias. Houve também predominância dos aspectos afetivos em relação aos cognitivos. Acredita-se que o conhecimento das características da fala materna em etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento e a identificação dos aspectos pragmáticos, que podem colaborar para o desenvolvimento da linguagem infantil, são de especial relevância.

Language is considered an instrument of symbolic mediation that characterizes the human species, involved in interpersonal exchanges and internalization of the processes that are constructed in these exchanges. In this article the theoretical contributions and conceptions about language development were described, and the role of adults’ speech in this process. Roman Jackobson’s model of was adopted for the analyses of pragmatic characteristics of mothers’ speech. Mothers’ talk of 40 dyads were transcribed and analyzed in two moments of the babies’ development (30 days and 5 months). The affective and cognitive aspects of maternal language were also analyzed. The results indicated the predominance of phatic function in both age groups. Affective aspects were also more frequent in relation to cognitive ones. Knowledge about maternal and child language characteristics at the initial stages of development, and the identification of its pragmatic aspects that can contribute for child language development are relevant.

Habilidades sociais em fumantes, não fumantes e ex-fumantes / Social skills in smokers, non-smokers and ex-smokers

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi tentar preliminarmente conhecer a relação entre habilidades sociais e a condição de ser fumante, não fumante ou ex-fumante. A hipótese do presente estudo foi a de que os ex-fumantes seriam mais habilidosos socialmente. Foi aplicado o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais (IHS) em 148 pessoas. Os dados foram processados pelo SPSS versão 13.0 e foram realizadas análises descritivas e um cálculo de regressão múltipla. A amostra pequena, e alto nível de escolaridade impossibilitam generalizações para a população em geral. Embora a diferença não tenha sido significativa, as habilidades sociais se mostraram mais elaboradas entre os ex-fumantes, o que sugere a necessidade de novas investigações com um maior número de participantes para que fique mais clara a relação entre habilidades sociais e ser fumante, não fumante ou ex-fumante. A despeito de ser um estudo preliminar, os resultados seguem as tendências observadas em outros estudos nos quais são identificadas variáveis que atuam como fator de proteção ou de predisposição ao tabagismo, bem como fatores facilitadores do tratamento da dependência. Futuras investigações sobre o tema são necessárias para que possam ser aprimoradasestratégias preventivas e de tratamento do tabagismo.

The aim of this research was to try to apprehend the relation between social skills and being a smoker, a non-smoker or a former smoker. This study’s hypothesis was that former smokers would be more socially skilled. A social skills inventory was applied to 148 people. The data were processed by SPSS version 13.0 and descriptive analyses were made, as well as a multiple regressive calculation. The study was conducted with individuals with a high level of education and therefore did not allow for broader conclusions that could extend to the population as a whole. Despite no significant differences, former smokers seemed to display more elaborate social skills, which suggest that researches with a larger number of individuals are needed in order to clarify the relation between social skills and the condition of being a smoker, a non-smoker or a former smoker. Although this is a preliminary study, the results follow the same tendencies observed in other studies in which variables are identified that act like a protection or a favoring factor to tobacco addiction, as well as factors that facilitate the treatment of addiction. Future investigations on the subject are necessary to improve prevention strategies and the treatment of tobacco addiction.

Razão, emoção e ação em cena: a mente humana sob um olhar evolucionista / Reason, emotion and action in scene: human mind from an evolutionary perspective

O conhecimento científico da mente humana tem avançado desde a fundação da Psicologia. Aspectos biológicos e culturais, psicológicos e neurológicos, emocionais e racionais foram privilegiados separadamente em diferentes épocas e perspectivas - a visão de mente foi por vezes focalizada e por vezes relegada à caixa preta da ciência psicológica. Contemporaneamente, assiste-se a buscas de integração entre mente e comportamento humanos. A mente é vista como objeto da ciência e produto da seleção natural na evolução da espécie do Homo sapiens sapiens. Este trabalho visa apresentar uma breve história das principais transformações na concepção da mente, e de modelos evolucionistas de mente que contemplem a razão, a emoção e as ações humanas. Busca-se integrar e discutir as evidências das pesquisas de diversas disciplinas (Antropologia, Etologia, Primatologia, Psicologia, etc) oferecendo uma compreensão evolucionista da mente humana, de sua filogênese e ontogênese. Comportamentos cooperativos e competitivos serão discutidos a partir dessas perspectivas.(AU)