ABSTRACT
Cervical Cancer (CC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms among women, considered the leading cause of gynecological death worldwide, and the fourth most common type of cancer. Regional metastasis is closely related to the low effectiveness of treatment, and validating biomarkers can optimize accuracy in diagnosis and prognosis. Among the potential biomarkers associated with disease metastasis are circular RNAs (circRNAs), whose altered expression has been linked to CC progression. In this context, this systematic review aims to compile information on the clinical-pathological significance and describe the biological function of circRNAs. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to include relevant literature, followed by in silico analysis. Additionally, we employed the UALCAN tools to search for host genes of circRNAs and expression data, miRTargetLink 2.0 to predict interactions of microRNA target genes and the Cytoscape software to predict possible interactions of microRNA target genes. According to the research, most circRNAs were found to be overexpressed and described as regulators of processes such as invasion, cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. They were also implicated in clinical significance, including metastasis, TNM staging and microRNA interactions. CircRNAs may participate in critical processes in tumorigenesis; therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of gene regulation in CC can contribute to the accuracy of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Mammography is the main screening test for early detection of breast cancer; however, its access is not equal for all women in Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with not having this examination done in a period of less than two years in Brazil and according to macro-region, considering sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, lifestyle, and the use of health services. METHOD: Cross-sectional study using data from the National Health Survey in Brazil (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS). The sample consisted of 10,571 women (≥40 years old) living in all Brazilian regions. Poisson regression model with hierarchical approach was used to estimate prevalence ratios. RESULTS: The characteristics associated with not getting a mammogram were: age ≥60 years, low schooling, living without a partner, negative health self-rating, having some chronic disease, no regular exercise, not getting a clinical breast examination for up to one year or a Pap smear for up to three years, not seeing a doctor in the last year, not having health insurance, feeling discriminated by a health professional, and being enrolled in a family care unit. Sociodemographic factors were prominent in the North and Northeast, while in other regions, health conditions and health behavior were predominant. CONCLUSION: Variables related to the use of health services were especially important in not getting a mammogram. Measures should be taken in each macro-region of Brazil to reduce disparities in access to mammography.
INTRODUÇÃO: O acesso à mamografia, principal exame de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, não é igualitário entre as mulheres brasileiras. Objetivou-se analisar os fatores associados à não realização desse exame num período inferior a dois anos no Brasil e por macrorregião, considerando-se características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde, hábitos de vida e uso dos serviços de saúde. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal que utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). A amostra consiste de 10.571 mulheres (≥ 40 anos) residentes em todas as regiões brasileiras. Modelo de regressão de Poisson com abordagem hierarquizada foi utilizado para estimar razões de prevalência. RESULTADOS: As características associadas à não realização de mamografia foram: idade ≥ 60 anos, baixa escolaridade, viver sem companheiro, avaliar negativamente o próprio estado de saúde, possuir alguma doença crônica, não praticar exercício físico, não realizar o exame clínico da mama até um ano, ou o exame de Papanicolaou até três anos, não ter consultado com médico no último ano, não possuir plano de saúde, sentir-se discriminada por profissional de saúde e ter cadastro em uma unidade de saúde da família. Variáveis sociodemográficas se sobressaíram no Norte e Nordeste; e nas outras regiões, condições de saúde e hábitos de vida. CONCLUSÃO: Variáveis relacionadas ao uso dos serviços de saúde tiveram destaque na não realização da mamografia. Ações que reduzam a desigualdade no acesso ao exame devem ser adotadas em cada macrorregião do Brasil.
