Soybean molasses can be used as a substitute for corn in grazing beef cattle supplements during the rainy season.

Soybean molasses (SBMO) is a byproduct derived from the production of soy protein concentrate, obtained through solubilization in water and alcohol. The utilization of SBMO as an animal feed ingredient shows promising potential, primarily due to its low cost and as a potential energy concentrate. This study aimed to assess the intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters (pH and ruminal ammonia - NH3), nitrogen retention (NR) and microbial protein synthesis in grazing beef cattle supplemented with SBMO as a substitute for corn during the rainy season. Five Nellore (10-month-old) bulls with an average initial weight of 246 ± 11.2 kg were utilized in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The animals were housed in five paddocks, each consisting of 0.34 ha of Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha). Five isonitrogenous protein-energy supplements (300 g crude protein [CP]/kg supplement) were formulated, with SBMO replacing corn at varying levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 g-1 g). The supplements were provided daily at a quantity of 2.0 kg-1 animal. The inclusion of SBMO at any level of corn substitution did not significantly affect the intake of pasture dry matter or total dry matter (P > 0.10). Likewise, the intake of CP and, consequently, the ruminal concentration of NH3 did not differ among the SBMO levels. Increasing the inclusion of SBMO did not have a significant impact on NR (P > 0.10), indicating that animals receiving supplements containing 100% SBMO as a substitute for corn may perform similarly to animals receiving supplements with 100% corn (0% SBMO). Soybean molasses represents a viable alternative energy source for grazing beef cattle during the rainy season and can entirely replace corn without adversely affecting animal nutritional performance.

Nutritional Performance of Grazing Beef Cattle Supplemented with High-Protein Distillers' Dried Grain.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of including high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG; 430 g/CP) in supplements for beef cattle in an intensive finishing pasture system. Five Nellore bulls with an average body weight (BW) of 413.5 ± 32 kg were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The animals were randomly allocated to Marandu palisade grass paddocks (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), with 0.32 ha each. Protein-energy supplements were evaluated and formulated with different replacement levels (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 g/kg) of soybean meal (SBM) by HP-DDG. Supplements were offered once a day in the amount of 6.0 kg/animal. Replacing SBM with HP-DDG had no effect (p > 0.10) on the intake of total and pasture DM, OM, CP, NDFap, digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable protein and CP:DOM ratio. Total and pasture DM intake averaged 6.07 and 11.54 kg/day, respectively. Replacing SBM with HP-DDG reduces and increases, respectively, the intake of degradable (RDP) and undegradable (RUP) protein in the rumen (p < 0.10) with a consequent linear reduction in ruminal ammonia concentration (RAN), nitrogen excretion in urine and serum N concentration (SUN) (p < 0.10). In supplements offered in the amount of 6.0 kg animal/day, SBM can be completely replaced by HP-DDG.

Effect of low-glucosinolate crambe meal in diet on lactational performance, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and hepatic function of crossbred Holstein × Zebu and Jersey cows.

Crambe meal (CM) is a potential dietary protein source for ruminant, but its effects in diets for lactating dairy cows remains unknown. We evaluated the effects of inclusion of the low-glucosinolates (GIs) CM (450 mg GIs/kg DM) in partial total mixed ration (pTMR) on performance, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and hepatic function of crossbred Holstein × Zebu and Jersey cows. Eight crossbred Holstein × Zebu cows and four Jersey cows were blocked by breed and days in milk, and randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, and distributed in one of four isonitrogenous TMRs (130 g CP/kg DM): 0, 45, 90, and 135 g CM/kg DM pTMR. Crambe meal was included in pTMR replacing soybean meal (SBM) and ground corn grain (GCG). The pTMRs were offered ad libitum between 7:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Cows were kept on pasture of Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça (90.4 g CP/kg DM) between 6:00 p.m. and 6:30 a.m. Pasture intake was measured from external and internal fecal excretion marker. Inclusion of CM did not affect (P ≤ 0.05) the DM intakes of pTMR and pasture, apparent total-tract digestibilities of organic matter, CP and NDF, ruminal outflow microbial protein, milk yield, milk composition, urinary N excretion, milk N efficiency, and level of plasm hepatic enzymes. The effects of CM inclusion in pTMR were independent of breed. Low-glucosinolates CM can be incorporated up to 135 g/kg DM in pTMR in replacement of SBM and GCG without affecting performance, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and hepatic function of crossbred Holstein × Zebu and Jersey cows.

Factors Affecting Enteric Emission Methane and Predictive Models for Dairy Cows.

Enteric methane emission is the main source of greenhouse gas contribution from dairy cattle. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate drivers and develop more accurate predictive models for such emissions. In this study, we built a large and intercontinental experimental dataset to: (1) explain the effect of enteric methane emission yield (g methane/kg diet intake) and feed conversion (kg diet intake/kg milk yield) on enteric methane emission intensity (g methane/kg milk yield); (2) develop six models for predicting enteric methane emissions (g/cow/day) using animal, diet, and dry matter intake as inputs; and to (3) compare these 6 models with 43 models from the literature. Feed conversion contributed more to enteric methane emission (EME) intensity than EME yield. Increasing the milk yield reduced EME intensity, due more to feed conversion enhancement rather than EME yield. Our models predicted methane emissions better than most external models, with the exception of only two other models which had similar adequacy. Improved productivity of dairy cows reduces emission intensity by enhancing feed conversion. Improvement in feed conversion should be prioritized for reducing methane emissions in dairy cattle systems.

Dried distillers grains with solubles in diets during late gestation affects behavior and maintains the performance of sows

We examined the effect of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for late gestating sows on sow and litter performance, colostrum chemical composition, and sow behavior. Sixty gestating sows of 3.77±1.65 parity were divided into three groups of 20 animals, in a randomized block design with 0 (corn-soybean meal diet), 150, or 300 g kg−1 DDGS from 84 days of gestation until farrowing. Sows fed 300 g kg−1 DDGS presented a lower frequency of standing position and eating activity. The lying lateral position was more frequent in the first 40 min post-feeding for sows fed the highest DDGS level. There was no effect of diets on sow and litter performance; however, DDGS inclusion tended to increase lactation feed intake. Inclusion of DDGS was inclined to produce more lactose and less protein in colostrum, but did not affect colostrum fat, total solids, and ash contents. Inclusion of up to 300 g kg−1 DDGS in the diet of late gestation sows does not change sow and litter performance and colostrum composition compared with corn-soybean meal diets, but it favored animal welfare.(AU)

Prediction of pasture intake by beef cattle in tropical conditions.

Forage intake is the most important factor for beef cattle raised on pasture, as it is the basis of the diet. Thus, knowing the variables that affect this parameter can help supplementation programs. Thus, a meta-analytic study was conducted to develop and evaluate models for the prediction of pasture dry matter intake (DMIpasture) by beef cattle in tropical conditions. Eight hundred four individual observations of DMIpasture were used, taken from 23 studies through analysis of mixed models, including the study as a random effect. To evaluate the accuracy and precision of the new models proposed as well as for the models of Azevedo et al. (2016) and Minson and McDonald (1987), an independent databank with 87 means from treatments of 21 experiments (n = 888 animals) was used. Three prediction models were adjusted: model I (animal information), model II (animal information + supplement), and model III (animal information + supplement + pasture). The proposed models presented similarity for the average square root of the prediction error. The inclusion of the predictive variables for supplementation (supplement dry matter intake - DMIsupplement - % of the body weight and crude protein intake through supplement) with the variables for the animal (BW0.75 and average daily gain) and of the pasture (% of crude protein) in model III improved accuracy and precision and provided higher determination and correlation coefficients, and agreement than the other proposed models. Similarly, it was found to be more accurate and precise than the equations of Azevêdo et al. (2016) and Minson and McDonald (1987), which presented lower precision. The DMIpasture for beef cattle in tropical conditions is more accurate and precise when the information for the animal, supplement, and pasture is included.

Modulating the lipid profile of beef using cottonseed and crude glycerin.

The search for healthy food leads to demand for functional foods that do not harm the health of the consumers. The objective was to evaluate the impact of the supply of cottonseed and crude glycerin as modulators of the lipid profile of the beef produced on pasture. The concentrated supplement was formulated with two levels of cottonseed (0 and 25%) and/or two levels of crude glycerin (0 and 15%), totaling four experimental groups. Two experiments were conducted; the first experiment was outlined in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, contrasting the protein-energy supplementation with the mineral supplementation. The concentrate supplementation allowed the increase in intake and digestibility of the dry matter (P = 0.03), ether extract, crude protein, and non-fibrous carbohydrate (P < 0.01). However, the results showed no effect of crude glycerin or cottonseed inclusion on intake or nutrients digestibility. The second experiment evaluated the protein-energy supplementation and its impact on the lipid profile of meat produced, carcass characteristics, and animal performance. There was no influence of cottonseed or crude glycerin in performance or carcass characteristics. However, the use of the cottonseed reduced the content of short-chain fatty acids, omega 3 linolenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C18: 2 cis 9 trans 11 (P < 0.01), and the inclusion of crude glycerin led to increased conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C18: 2 cis 9 trans 11 (P = 0.04). An important result is given by illustrating the impact of these fatty acids in the nutritional quality of the meat. Thus, it is possible to manipulate the lipid profile of meat produced by cottonseed or crude glycerin supplementation, without affecting the animal performance.

Improve Pasture or Feed Grain? Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Profitability, and Resource Use for Nelore Beef Cattle in Brazil's Cerrado and Amazon Biomes.

Economic development, international food and feed demand, and government policies have converted Brazil's natural ecosystems into agricultural land. The Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM) was evaluated using production, economic, and weather data collected on two cooperating farms in the Legal Amazon and Cerrado biomes in the Midwest state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Three sustainable agricultural intensification strategies, namely grain supplementation, pasture re-seeding, and pasture fertilization were simulated in IFSM with double the beef cattle stocking density compared to extensive grazing. Livestock dry matter consumption simulated in IFSM was similar for pasture grazing estimates and actual feed consumed by beef cattle on the two collaborating farms. Grain supplementation best balanced beef production and profitability with lower carbon footprint compared to extensive grazing, followed by pasture fertilization and pasture re-seeding. However, pasture re-seeding and fertilization had greater use of water and energy and more nitrogen losses. Human edible livestock feed use was greatest for grain supplementation compared to other modeled systems. While grain supplementation appears more favorable economically and environmentally, greater use of human edible livestock feed may compete with future human food needs. Pasture intensification had greater human edible feed conversion efficiency, but its greater natural resource use may be challenging.

Frequency of concentrate supplementation for grazing beef cattle / Frequência de suplementação concentrada para bovinos de corte em pastejo

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of frequency of concentrate supplementation on the daytime feeding behavior (grazing, rumination, drinking, and idle times), production performance, and economic viability of grazing cattle in the rainy season. A total of 120 uncastrated Nellore animals with an average body weight (BW) of 382.5 ± 32.2 kg were allocated to palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) paddocks for the experiment. We evaluated supplements provided in the amount of 2.0 kg/animal, supplied three times weekly (3tw) or daily (7X). Animals supplemented 3X (5.46%) spent more time (%) drinking water than those supplemented 7X (3.72%). Grazing time and animal performance were not influenced by the frequency of supplementation. Average daily gain was 1.00 and 1.02 kg/animal for the groups under 3X and 7X, respectively. Expenditures on transportation and labor are lower (43%) when animals are supplemented 3X. Supplementation provided three times per week does not affect the grazing time or the performance of beef cattle in the rainy season, but rather implies an expressive reduction of expenditures on labor and distribution of supplements.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da frequência de suplementação concentrada sobre o comportamento ingestivo diurno (tempos de pastejo, de ruminação, de bebedouro e de ócio), o desempenho produtivo e a viabilidade econômica de bovinos de corte em pastejo no período das águas. Foram utilizados 120 animais da raça Nelore não-castrados com peso corporal (PC) médio de 382,5 ± 32,2 kg alocados em piquetes formados com capim Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha). Avaliaram-se suplementos ofertados em quantidade de 2,0 kg/animal distribuídos três vezes por semana (3X) e diariamente (7X). O tempo gasto (%) no consumo de água foi maior para os animais que receberam suplementação 3X (5,46%) do que os animais que receberam suplementação 7X (3,72%). O tempo gasto com pastejo e desempenho dos animais não sofreram influência da frequência de oferta do suplemento. O ganho médio diário foi 1,00 e 1,02 kg/animal, respectivamente, para a suplementação 3X e 7X. Os gastos com transporte e mão-de-obra são menores (43%) quando suplementos são ofertados 3X. O fornecimento de suplementos três vezes por semana não afeta o tempo de pastejo e o desempenho de bovinos de corte no período das águas e implica em expressiva redução nos custos com a mão-de-obra e com a distribuição de suplementos.(AU)

Effect of dietary supplement (cevas) on the chemical composition of wild fish Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel, 1844 in the Teles Pires river basin / Efeito do suplemento alimentar (cevas) na composição química do peixe selvagem Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel, 1844 na bacia do rio Teles Pires

In the Teles Pires River watershed, one of the most common techniques currently used by fishermen to catch fish is to provide a food supplement commonly known as "cevas". The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical composition of fillets from Brycon falcatus that were caught in both the presence and absence of cevas. The fish were sampled monthly and captured in the following conditions: the Tapaiúna River without cevas, the Teles Pires River with one ceva /100 m, the Celeste River with one ceva/500 m, the Verde River with one ceva/1000 m and the Cristalino River (control area). Subsequent to capture, the fish were euthanized and preserved on ice to determine their water, ash, crude protein and fat contents. Fillets of fish from the control area exhibited a lower level of crude protein (17.81%) compared with that of fish from the other rivers, which did not differ amongst one other. The fillets of fish from the river with the greatest density of cevas (1/100 m) exhibited a higher fat content (3.63%) than that of fish from the control area (1.51%). Thus, the cevas changed the chemical composition of B. falcatus fillets.

Atualmente, na bacia do rio Teles Pires, uma das técnicas mais utilizadas pelos pescadores para captura de peixes é a oferta de suplemento alimentar, popularmente conhecida como ceva. Objetivou-se comparar a composição química do filé de Brycon falcatus de locais com oferta de suplemento alimentar (cevas) e sem cevas. As coletas dos peixes foram mensais e as capturas foram em rio Tapaiúna sem cevas, rio Teles Pires com uma ceva/100 m, rio Celeste com uma ceva/500 m, rio Verde com uma ceva/1.000 m e rio Cristalino em Unidade de Conservação (controle). Após as capturas, os peixes foram eutanasiados e acondicionados em gelo, para determinação dos teores de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta e gordura. Os filés dos peixes oriundos da área controle apresentaram o menor teor de proteína bruta (17,81%) que dos outros rios, que não diferiam entre si. Os filés dos peixes do rio com maior densidade de cevas (1/100 m) apresentaram maior teor de gordura (3,63%) que do rio em Unidade de Conservação (1,51%), mas não diferiram dos outros rios. As cevas de soja in natura alteraram a composição química dos filés de Brycon falcatus.

Supplementation levels for non-lactating cows grazing during the rainy season / Níveis de suplementação em vacas não-lactantes em pastejo no período das águas

This study aimed to evaluate levels of concentrate supplementation (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg day?1) for grazing dairy cows kept on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania pasture during the rainy season on nutrient intake and digestibility and rumen parameters. Four rumen cannulated non-lactating Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were used in this study by a 4X4 Latin square design, which presented an average initial body weight of 521.69±31.98 kg. Each period lasted 17 days, being the first 10 days were used for animal adaptation and the remaining seven days for data collection. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementation levels on total dry matter intake, although forage dry matter intake has been linearly decreased (P 0.05). Treatments have no effect (P > 0.05) on the digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, or ether extract. There was a linear increase (P 0.05) on daily rumination time and total rumination times according to supplementation levels. There was no significant effect of supplementation levels (P > 0.05) or time after supplementation on rumen pH. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration responded quadratically (P 0.05) to times after supplementation, with a maximum estimated concentration of 17.61 mg dL?1 at 3.87 h after supplementation. Increasing supplementation levels for grazing dairy cows reduces forage intake but has no negative effects on total dry matter intake or rumen-fluid pH.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de suplementação concentrada (1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 kg dia-1) em vacas leiteiras mantidas em pasto de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia no período das águas, sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais. Foram utilizadas quatro vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, não lactantes, com peso corporal médio de 521,69±31,98 kg no início do experimento distribuídas aleatoriamente em delineamento em quadrado latino 4X4. Cada período teve duração de 17 dias, sendo os 10 dias iniciais para adaptação dos animais aos tratamentos e os sete dias restantes para coletas de dados. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) dos níveis de suplementação sobre o consumo de matéria seca total com redução linear (P 0,05) no consumo de matéria seca de forragem. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) dos tratamentos nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Houve aumento linear (P 0,05) do tempo de ruminação diurna e total com o aumento dos níveis de suplementação. Não houve efeito significativo dos níveis de suplementação (P > 0,05) e tempo após a suplementação sobre o pH ruminal. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentou comportamento quadrático (P < 0,05) em relação aos tempos após a alimentação, sendo estimado valor máximo de 17,61 mg dL-1 no tempo 3,87 horas após a alimentação. O aumento dos níveis de suplementação para vacas leiteiras mantidas a pasto reduz o consumo de forragem, sem afetar negativamente o consumo de matéria seca total e sem alterar os valores de pH do líquido ruminal.(AU)

Effect of dietary supplement (cevas) on the chemical composition of wild fish Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel, 1844 in the Teles Pires river basin / Efeito do suplemento alimentar (cevas) na composição química do peixe selvagem Bryconfalcatus Müller & Troschel, 1844 na bacia do rio Teles Pires

In the Teles Pires River watershed, one of the most common techniques currently used by fishermen to catch fish is to provide a food supplement commonly known as cevas. The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical composition of fillets from Brycon falcatus that were caught in both the presence and absence of cevas. The fish were sampled monthly and captured in the following conditions: the Tapaiúna River without cevas, the Teles Pires River with one ceva/100 m, the Celeste River with one ceva/500 m, the Verde River with one ceva/1000 m and the Cristalino River (control area). Subsequent to capture, the fish were euthanized and preserved on ice to determine their water, ash, crude protein and fat contents. Fillets of fish from the control area exhibited a lower level of crude protein (17.81%) compared with that of fish from the other rivers, which did not differ amongst one other. The fillets of fish from the river with the greatest density of cevas (1/100 m) exhibited a higher fat content (3.63%) than that of fish from the control area (1.51%). Thus, the cevas changed the chemical composition of B. falcatus fillets.(AU)

Atualmente, na bacia do rio Teles Pires, uma das técnicas mais utilizadas pelos pescadores para captura de peixes é a oferta de suplemento alimentar, popularmente conhecida como ceva. Objetivou-se comparar a composição química do filé de Brycon falcatus de locais com oferta de suplemento alimentar (cevas) e sem cevas. As coletas dos peixes foram mensais e as capturas foram em rio Tapaiúna sem cevas, rio Teles Pires com uma ceva/100 m, rio Celeste com uma ceva/500 m, rio Verde com uma ceva/1.000 m e rio Cristalino em Unidade de Conservação (controle). Após as capturas, os peixes foram eutanasiados e acondicionados em gelo, para determinação dos teores de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta e gordura. Os filés dos peixes oriundos da área controle apresentaram o menor teor de proteína bruta (17,81%) que dos outros rios, que não diferiam entre si. Os filés dos peixes do rio com maior densidade de cevas (1/100 m) apresentaram maior teor de gordura (3,63%) que do rio em Unidade de Conservação (1,51%), mas não diferiram dos outros rios. As cevas de soja in natura alteraram a composição química dos filés de Brycon falcatus.(AU)

Supplementation levels for non-lactating cows grazing during the rainy season / Níveis de suplementação em vacas não-lactantes em pastejo no período das águas

This study aimed to evaluate levels of concentrate supplementation (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg day?1) for grazing dairy cows kept on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania pasture during the rainy season on nutrient intake and digestibility and rumen parameters. Four rumen cannulated non-lactating Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were used in this study by a 4X4 Latin square design, which presented an average initial body weight of 521.69±31.98 kg. Each period lasted 17 days, being the first 10 days were used for animal adaptation and the remaining seven days for data collection. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementation levels on total dry matter intake, although forage dry matter intake has been linearly decreased (P 0.05). Treatments have no effect (P > 0.05) on the digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, or ether extract. There was a linear increase (P 0.05) on daily rumination time and total rumination times according to supplementation levels. There was no significant effect of supplementation levels (P > 0.05) or time after supplementation on rumen pH. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration responded quadratically (P 0.05) to times after supplementation, with a maximum estimated concentration of 17.61 mg dL?1 at 3.87 h after supplementation. Increasing supplementation levels for grazing dairy cows reduces forage intake but has no negative effects on total dry matter intake or rumen-fluid pH.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de suplementação concentrada (1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 kg dia-1) em vacas leiteiras mantidas em pasto de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia no período das águas, sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais. Foram utilizadas quatro vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, não lactantes, com peso corporal médio de 521,69±31,98 kg no início do experimento distribuídas aleatoriamente em delineamento em quadrado latino 4X4. Cada período teve duração de 17 dias, sendo os 10 dias iniciais para adaptação dos animais aos tratamentos e os sete dias restantes para coletas de dados. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) dos níveis de suplementação sobre o consumo de matéria seca total com redução linear (P 0,05) no consumo de matéria seca de forragem. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) dos tratamentos nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Houve aumento linear (P 0,05) do tempo de ruminação diurna e total com o aumento dos níveis de suplementação. Não houve efeito significativo dos níveis de suplementação (P > 0,05) e tempo após a suplementação sobre o pH ruminal. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentou comportamento quadrático (P < 0,05) em relação aos tempos após a alimentação, sendo estimado valor máximo de 17,61 mg dL-1 no tempo 3,87 horas após a alimentação. O aumento dos níveis de suplementação para vacas leiteiras mantidas a pasto reduz o consumo de forragem, sem afetar negativamente o consumo de matéria seca total e sem alterar os valores de pH do líquido ruminal.

Frequency of concentrate supplementation for grazing beef cattle / Frequência de suplementação concentrada para bovinos de corte em pastejo

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of frequency of concentrate supplementation on the daytime feeding behavior (grazing, rumination, drinking, and idle times), production performance, and economic viability of grazing cattle in the rainy season. A total of 120 uncastrated Nellore animals with an average body weight (BW) of 382.5 ± 32.2 kg were allocated to palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) paddocks for the experiment. We evaluated supplements provided in the amount of 2.0 kg/animal, supplied three times weekly (3tw) or daily (7X). Animals supplemented 3X (5.46%) spent more time (%) drinking water than those supplemented 7X (3.72%). Grazing time and animal performance were not influenced by the frequency of supplementation. Average daily gain was 1.00 and 1.02 kg/animal for the groups under 3X and 7X, respectively. Expenditures on transportation and labor are lower (43%) when animals are supplemented 3X. Supplementation provided three times per week does not affect the grazing time or the performance of beef cattle in the rainy season, but rather implies an expressive reduction of expenditures on labor and distribution of supplements.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da frequência de suplementação concentrada sobre o comportamento ingestivo diurno (tempos de pastejo, de ruminação, de bebedouro e de ócio), o desempenho produtivo e a viabilidade econômica de bovinos de corte em pastejo no período das águas. Foram utilizados 120 animais da raça Nelore não-castrados com peso corporal (PC) médio de 382,5 ± 32,2 kg alocados em piquetes formados com capim Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha). Avaliaram-se suplementos ofertados em quantidade de 2,0 kg/animal distribuídos três vezes por semana (3X) e diariamente (7X). O tempo gasto (%) no consumo de água foi maior para os animais que receberam suplementação 3X (5,46%) do que os animais que receberam suplementação 7X (3,72%). O tempo gasto com pastejo e desempenho dos animais não sofreram influência da frequência de oferta do suplemento. O ganho médio diário foi 1,00 e 1,02 kg/animal, respectivamente, para a suplementação 3X e 7X. Os gastos com transporte e mão-de-obra são menores (43%) quando suplementos são ofertados 3X. O fornecimento de suplementos três vezes por semana não afeta o tempo de pastejo e o desempenho de bovinos de corte no período das águas e implica em expressiva redução nos custos com a mão-de-obra e com a distribuição de suplementos.

Frequency of concentrate supplementation for grazing beef cattle / Frequência de suplementação concentrada para bovinos de corte em pastejo

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of frequency of concentrate supplementation on the daytime feeding behavior (grazing, rumination, drinking, and idle times), production performance, and economic viability of grazing cattle in the rainy season. A total of 120 uncastrated Nellore animals with an average body weight (BW) of 382.5 ± 32.2 kg were allocated to palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) paddocks for the experiment. We evaluated supplements provided in the amount of 2.0 kg/animal, supplied three times weekly (3tw) or daily (7X). Animals supplemented 3X (5.46%) spent more time (%) drinking water than those supplemented 7X (3.72%). Grazing time and animal performance were not influenced by the frequency of supplementation. Average daily gain was 1.00 and 1.02 kg/animal for the groups under 3X and 7X, respectively. Expenditures on transportation and labor are lower (43%) when animals are supplemented 3X. Supplementation provided three times per week does not affect the grazing time or the performance of beef cattle in the rainy season, but rather implies an expressive reduction of expenditures on labor and distribution of supplements.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da frequência de suplementação concentrada sobre o comportamento ingestivo diurno (tempos de pastejo, de ruminação, de bebedouro e de ócio), o desempenho produtivo e a viabilidade econômica de bovinos de corte em pastejo no período das águas. Foram utilizados 120 animais da raça Nelore não-castrados com peso corporal (PC) médio de 382,5 ± 32,2 kg alocados em piquetes formados com capim Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha). Avaliaram-se suplementos ofertados em quantidade de 2,0 kg/animal distribuídos três vezes por semana (3X) e diariamente (7X). O tempo gasto (%) no consumo de água foi maior para os animais que receberam suplementação 3X (5,46%) do que os animais que receberam suplementação 7X (3,72%). O tempo gasto com pastejo e desempenho dos animais não sofreram influência da frequência de oferta do suplemento. O ganho médio diário foi 1,00 e 1,02 kg/animal, respectivamente, para a suplementação 3X e 7X. Os gastos com transporte e mão-de-obra são menores (43%) quando suplementos são ofertados 3X. O fornecimento de suplementos três vezes por semana não afeta o tempo de pastejo e o desempenho de bovinos de corte no período das águas e implica em expressiva redução nos custos com a mão-de-obra e com a distribuição de suplementos.

Caroço de algodão em dietas sem volumoso para cordeiros confinados / Whole cottonseed in diets without roughage for feedlot lambs

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, consumo, comportamento ingestivo, os custos de produção e os parâmetros nutricionais de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes teores de caroço de algodão - zero, 10, 20, 30 e 40%. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em que no primeiro foi usado um Delineamento Inteiramente Casualisado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os animais foram mantidos em baias coletivas. O experimento teve duração de 70 dias, sendo os animais pesados no início e final do experimento. No segundo experimento, foram usados cinco animais por meio de quadrado latino 5x5, divididos em cinco períodos de 14 dias, totalizando 70 dias experimentais. Os consumos MS, MO, PB, EE, FDN e CNF foram influenciados de forma quadrática (P 0,01) pelos níveis de caroço de algodão na dieta. Os níveis de caroço de algodão tiveram efeito quadrático ( 0,01) apenas sobre a digestibilidade do EE, não sendo observado efeito sobre os demais nutrientes (P>0,05). Não foram observados efeitos (P>0,05) dos níveis de caroço de algodão nas dietas sobre o ganho médio diário, sendo obtido valor médio de 200,8 g/animal/dia, bem como sobre o comportamento ingestivo dos animais (P>0,05). Foram encontradas margens brutas de R$ 0,18 e 0,19 por animal/dia, respectivamente para os níveis 10 e 20% de caroço de algodão. Recomenda-se a inclusão de até 20% de caroço de algodão...(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance, intake, feeding behavior, costs of production and nutritional parameters of sheep fed diets containing different levels of whole cottonseed (WC): zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. Two experiments have been carried out, in which in the first trial we have used a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates each, which lasted 70 days. The animals were kept in collective stalls and all of them have been weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. The second experiment was a 5x5 Latin square design with five treatments and five animals divided in five periods of 14 days, totaling 70 days of experimentation. The intakes of the DM, OM, EE, NDF and NFC ave been not affected by WC levels (P>0.01). The WC levels had quadratic affect only on EE digestibility (P 0.01) and there were no observed effects on digestibility for other nutrients (P>0.05). There were no effects (P>0.05) of whole cottonseed on average daily gain with average of 200.8g/animal/day, as well as there was no effect of the WC levels on intake behavior. A gross margins of R$ 0.18 to 0.19 per animal / day was observed for WC levels of 10 to 20%.Thus, it was concluded that whole cottonseed can be included in lambs diets up 20% of dry matter basis in which roughage has been not used.(AU)

Glicerina bruta para bovinos de corte em pastejo no período das águas: viabilidade produtiva e econômica / Crude glycerin for beef cattle at pasture in rainy season: productive and economic viability

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do milho pela glicerina bruta (GB) sobre o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica em bovinos de corte mantidos a pasto no período das águas. Foram utilizados 30 animais com peso corporal médio inicial de 238,6±21,24kg distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado entre os tratamentos: suplementação mineral e suplementação concentrada (1,0kg/animal, 30% PB) com 0; 33; 66 e 100% de GB em substituição ao milho. O fornecimento de suplementos proteico-energéticos proporcionou maior ganho médio diário (GMD) e peso corporal (PC) final em relação aos que receberam suplementação mineral. O incremento no GMD foi em média de 0,200 kg por dia. Não houve efeito dos níveis de substituição do milho sobre o GMD cujos ganhos foram de 0,817; 1,042; 1,064 e 1,005, respectivamente, para os níveis 0, 33, 66 e 100%. O fornecimento de 1,0kg de suplementos proteicoenergéticos contendo 30% de proteína bruta melhorou o desempenho de bovinos de corte a pasto no período das águas, reduzindo o tempo de ocupação da pastagem quando comparado com animais que recebem apenas suplementação mineral. Pode-se substituir 100% do milho pela GB sem que haja queda no desempenho dos animais sendo que a substituição de até 66% do milho pela GB mostrou-se economicamente viável.(AU)

The effect of replacing corn by crude glycerin (GB) on the performance and economic viability of beef cattle at pasture in the rainy season was evaluated. A total of 30 animals with average body weight (BW) of 238.6 ± 21.24 kg in a completely randomized design between treatments: mineral supplement and concentrate supplementation (1.0 kg/animal, 30% CP) with 0, 33, 66 and 100% of GB replacing corn. The supply of protein-energy supplements increased average daily gain (ADG) and final BW than those who received only mineral supplements. The increase in ADG was 0.200 kg/day. No effect of the levels replacement of corn on ADG that provided gains of 0.817, 1.042, 1.064 and 1.005, respectively, for 0, 33, 66 and 100%. The supply of 1.0 kg of protein-energy supplements containing 30% CP improves the performance of the pasture beef cattle during the wet, reducing the pasture occupation time compared to animals receiving only mineral supplementation. The crude glycerin can replace 100% of the corn in supplements offered in the proportion of 0.45% of BW without decrease animal performance. When the price of crude glycerin represent 54% of the price of corn to replace up to 66% of the corn showed to be economically viable.(AU)

Glicerina bruta para bovinos de corte em pastejo no período das águas: viabilidade produtiva e econômica / Crude glycerin for beef cattle at pasture in rainy season: productive and economic viability

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do milho pela glicerina bruta (GB) sobre o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica em bovinos de corte mantidos a pasto no período das águas. Foram utilizados 30 animais com peso corporal médio inicial de 238,6±21,24kg distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado entre os tratamentos: suplementação mineral e suplementação concentrada (1,0kg/animal, 30% PB) com 0; 33; 66 e 100% de GB em substituição ao milho. O fornecimento de suplementos proteico-energéticos proporcionou maior ganho médio diário (GMD) e peso corporal (PC) final em relação aos que receberam suplementação mineral. O incremento no GMD foi em média de 0,200 kg por dia. Não houve efeito dos níveis de substituição do milho sobre o GMD cujos ganhos foram de 0,817; 1,042; 1,064 e 1,005, respectivamente, para os níveis 0, 33, 66 e 100%. O fornecimento de 1,0kg de suplementos proteicoenergéticos contendo 30% de proteína bruta melhorou o desempenho de bovinos de corte a pasto no período das águas, reduzindo o tempo de ocupação da pastagem quando comparado com animais que recebem apenas suplementação mineral. Pode-se substituir 100% do milho pela GB sem que haja queda no desempenho dos animais sendo que a substituição de até 66% do milho pela GB mostrou-se economicamente viável.

The effect of replacing corn by crude glycerin (GB) on the performance and economic viability of beef cattle at pasture in the rainy season was evaluated. A total of 30 animals with average body weight (BW) of 238.6 ± 21.24 kg in a completely randomized design between treatments: mineral supplement and concentrate supplementation (1.0 kg/animal, 30% CP) with 0, 33, 66 and 100% of GB replacing corn. The supply of protein-energy supplements increased average daily gain (ADG) and final BW than those who received only mineral supplements. The increase in ADG was 0.200 kg/day. No effect of the levels replacement of corn on ADG that provided gains of 0.817, 1.042, 1.064 and 1.005, respectively, for 0, 33, 66 and 100%. The supply of 1.0 kg of protein-energy supplements containing 30% CP improves the performance of the pasture beef cattle during the wet, reducing the pasture occupation time compared to animals receiving only mineral supplementation. The crude glycerin can replace 100% of the corn in supplements offered in the proportion of 0.45% of BW without decrease animal performance. When the price of crude glycerin represent 54% of the price of corn to replace up to 66% of the corn showed to be economically viable.

Caroço de algodão em dietas sem volumoso para cordeiros confinados / Whole cottonseed in diets without roughage for feedlot lambs

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, consumo, comportamento ingestivo, os custos de produção e os parâmetros nutricionais de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes teores de caroço de algodão - zero, 10, 20, 30 e 40%. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em que no primeiro foi usado um Delineamento Inteiramente Casualisado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os animais foram mantidos em baias coletivas. O experimento teve duração de 70 dias, sendo os animais pesados no início e final do experimento. No segundo experimento, foram usados cinco animais por meio de quadrado latino 5x5, divididos em cinco períodos de 14 dias, totalizando 70 dias experimentais. Os consumos MS, MO, PB, EE, FDN e CNF foram influenciados de forma quadrática (P 0,01) pelos níveis de caroço de algodão na dieta. Os níveis de caroço de algodão tiveram efeito quadrático ( 0,01) apenas sobre a digestibilidade do EE, não sendo observado efeito sobre os demais nutrientes (P>0,05). Não foram observados efeitos (P>0,05) dos níveis de caroço de algodão nas dietas sobre o ganho médio diário, sendo obtido valor médio de 200,8 g/animal/dia, bem como sobre o comportamento ingestivo dos animais (P>0,05). Foram encontradas margens brutas de R$ 0,18 e 0,19 por animal/dia, respectivamente para os níveis 10 e 20% de caroço de algodão. Recomenda-se a inclusão de até 20% de caroço de algodão...

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance, intake, feeding behavior, costs of production and nutritional parameters of sheep fed diets containing different levels of whole cottonseed (WC): zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. Two experiments have been carried out, in which in the first trial we have used a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates each, which lasted 70 days. The animals were kept in collective stalls and all of them have been weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. The second experiment was a 5x5 Latin square design with five treatments and five animals divided in five periods of 14 days, totaling 70 days of experimentation. The intakes of the DM, OM, EE, NDF and NFC ave been not affected by WC levels (P>0.01). The WC levels had quadratic affect only on EE digestibility (P 0.01) and there were no observed effects on digestibility for other nutrients (P>0.05). There were no effects (P>0.05) of whole cottonseed on average daily gain with average of 200.8g/animal/day, as well as there was no effect of the WC levels on intake behavior. A gross margins of R$ 0.18 to 0.19 per animal / day was observed for WC levels of 10 to 20%.Thus, it was concluded that whole cottonseed can be included in lambs diets up 20% of dry matter basis in which roughage has been not used.