Effects of Three Resistance Exercise Orders on Muscular Function and Body Composition in Older Women.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of three resistance exercise orders on muscular strength, body composition, and functional fitness in trained older women. Forty-five women (aged ≥60 years), after performing 12 weeks of a pre-conditioning resistance-training program were randomly assigned in one of the following groups that performed the exercises in the following orders: multi-joint to single-joint order (MJ-SJ, n=15), single-joint to multi-joint order (SJ-MJ, n=15), and alternating between upper and lower body order (ALT, n=15). Specific training intervention lasted 12 weeks (3x/week) and was composed of eight exercises performed in three sets of 15/10/5 repetitions, with increasing load through the sets. Muscular strength was estimated by one-repetition maximum tests; body composition was assessed by whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and functional fitness was analyzed with a sequence of four motor tests. All groups improved similarly in muscular strength (Cohen's effect size: MJ-SJ=0.45; SJ-MJ=0.48; ALT=0.45), skeletal muscle mass (MJ-SJ=0.08; SJ-MJ=0.07; ALT=0.09), and functional test performance (MJ-SJ=0.38; SJ-MJ=0.20; ALT=0.31), but no change was observed for body fat (P>0.05). The results suggest that 12 weeks of resistance training induce positive changes in muscle morphofunctionality, regardless of the exercise order employed in trained older women.

Effects of Different Weekly Sets-Equated Resistance Training Frequencies on Muscular Strength, Muscle Mass, and Body Fat in Older Women.

Pina, FLC, Nunes, JP, Schoenfeld, BJ, Nascimento, MA, Gerage, AM, Januário, RSB, Carneiro, NH, Cyrino, ES, and Oliveira, AR. Effects of different weekly sets-equated resistance training frequencies on muscular strength, muscle mass and body fat in older women. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2990-2995, 2020-The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different resistance training (RT) frequencies (2 vs. 3 times per week) with an equivalent number of weekly sets performed between conditions on muscular strength and body composition in older women. Forty-seven older women (65 ± 4 years) were divided into 2 groups that performed a 12-week RT program either 2 (G2x and 3 sets) or 3 (G3x and 2 sets) times per week. The groups were evaluated before and after study on measures of body composition through dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and muscular strength through one repetition maximum (1RM) testing. Lean soft tissue was significantly increased in both groups (G2x = +1.7%, G3x = +1.7%), while only G3x reduced body fat after the intervention period (G2x = -0.7%, G3x = -2.9%). Similarly, significant increases were noted between conditions for 1RM scores in bench press (G2x = +11.8%, G3x = +11.9%) and knee extension (G2x = +17.4%, G3x = +10.8%). The results indicate that performing 2 or 3 RT sessions per week promotes similar improvements in muscular outcomes, while training more frequently may reduce body fat after 12 weeks of weekly sets-equated RT in untrained older women.

Effects of audiovisual stimuli on psychological and psychophysiological responses during exercise in adults with obesity.

The present experiment sought to further understanding of the effects of personalised audiovisual stimuli on psychological and psychophysiological responses during exercise in adults with obesity. Twenty-four participants (Mage = 28.3, SD = 5.5 years; MBMI = 32.2, SD = 2.4) engaged in self-paced exercises on a recumbent cycle ergometer and three conditions (sensory stimulation [ST], sensory deprivation [DE], and control [CO]) were administered. Perceptual (attentional focus and perceived exertion), affective (affective state and perceived activation), and psychophysiological (heart rate variability) parameters were monitored throughout the exercise bouts. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare self-reported and psychophysiological variables (main and interaction effects [5 Timepoints × 3 Conditions]). The results indicate that ST increased the use of dissociative thoughts throughout the exercise session (ηp2 = .19), ameliorated fatigue-related symptoms (ηp2 = .15) and elicited more positive affective responses (ηp2 = .12) than CO and DE. Accordingly, personally-compiled videos are highly effective in ameliorating exertional responses and enhancing affective valence during self-paced exercise in adults with obesity. Audiovisual stimuli could be used during the most critical periods of the exercise regimen (e.g., first training sessions) when individuals with obesity are more likely to focus on fatigue-related sensations.

Effects of different resistance training frequencies on flexibility in older women.

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of the investigation reported here was to analyze the effect of resistance training (RT) performed at different weekly frequencies on flexibility in older women. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Fifty-three older women (≥60 years old) were randomly assigned to perform RT either two (n=28; group "G2x"), or three (n=25; group "G3x") times per week. The RT program comprised eight exercises in which the participants performed one set of 10-15 repetitions maximum for a period of 12 weeks. Anthropometric, body-composition, and flexibility measurements were made at baseline and post-study. The flexibility measurements were obtained by a fleximeter. RESULTS: A significant group-by-time interaction (P<0.01) was observed for frontal hip flexion, in which G3x showed a higher increase than G2x (+12.8% and +3.0%, respectively). Both groups increased flexibility in cervical extension (G2x=+19.1%, G3x=+20.0%), right hip flexion (G2x=+14.6%, G3x=+15.9%), and left hip flexion (G2x=+25.7%, G3x=+19.2%), with no statistical difference between groups. No statistically significant differences were noted for the increase in skeletal muscle mass between training three versus two times a week (+7.4% vs +4.4%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Twelve weeks of RT improves the flexibility of different joint movements in older women, and the higher frequency induces greater increases for frontal hip flexion.

The association between cardiovascular risk factors and high blood pressure in adolescents: a school-based study.

OBJECTIVE: Although previous studies have analyzed the association between cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure in adolescents, few studies conducted in developing countries analyzed whether the aggregation of risk factors contributes to an increased risk of high blood pressure in adolescents. The objective of this study was to assess the association between cardiovascular risk factors (including general overweight, abdominal obesity, high consumption of foods rich in fats, and insufficient physical activity levels) and high blood pressure in adolescents. METHODS: This study was carried out from 2007 to 2008 with 1021 adolescents (528 girls) from primary schools located in the city of Londrina- Brazil. Blood pressure was assessed using an oscillometric device. General overweight was obtained through body mass index, abdominal obesity was assessed using waist circumference, and the consumption of foods rich in fat and physical activity were assessed using a questionnaire. The sum of these risk factors was determined. RESULTS: Adolescents with three or four aggregated risk factors were more likely to have higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared with adolescents who did not have any cardiovascular risk factors (P = 0.001 for both). Logistic regression indicated that groups of adolescents with 2 (OR= 2.46 [1.11-5.42]; P = 0.026), 3 (OR= 4.97 [2.07-11.92]; P = 0.001) or 4 risk factors (OR= 6.79 [2.24-19.9]; P = 0.001) presented an increased likelihood of high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The number of cardiovascular risk factors was found to be related to high blood pressure in adolescents.

Characteristics of family nucleus as correlates of regular participation in sports among adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the relationship between family nucleus and sport practice among adolescents. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study carried out with 1,752 Brazilian adolescents (812 male and 940 female), aged 11-17 years. Characteristics of the family nucleus (parental education, socioeconomic status and number of siblings) and sport practice (≥240 min/week) were assessed by questionnaires. Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of sport practice was 14.8% (boys 21.2% and girls 9.4%, P = 0.001). Higher socioeconomic status, number of siblings and parents' educational level were associated with more sport practice. CONCLUSION: Despite the low engagement, family nucleus plays an essential role in the sport practice of our sample of Brazilian adolescents.

Cross-sectional association between healthy and unhealthy food habits and leisure physical activity in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze associations between two physical activity domains during leisure time and different food habits in adolescents. METHODS: The sample comprised 1,630 adolescents (46% male and 54% female). Physical activity level, television (TV) viewing, and eating behaviors were assessed through an interview. According to the results of the assessment, adolescents were classified as physically active or engaged in high amounts of TV viewing and unhealthy/healthy diets. RESULTS: Male adolescents were more active than females (21.7 and 9.4%, respectively; p = 0.001), while TV viewing was more frequent in females (44.0 and 29.2%; p = 0.001). Physical activity level was related to higher consumption of fruits (OR = 1.90; 95%CI 1.39-2.60) and vegetables (OR = 1.48; 95%CI 1.09-2.01), while higher consumption of fried foods (OR = 2.13; 95%CI 1.64-2.77) and snacks (OR = 1.91; 95%CI 1.49-2.45) was associated with TV viewing. CONCLUSION: This study presented epidemiological information indicating that active and inactive behaviors were differently and independently associated with healthy and unhealthy diets.

Associação transversal entre hábitos alimentares saudáveis e não saudáveis e atividade física de lazer em adolescentes / Cross-sectional association between healthy and unhealthy eating habits and leisure-time physical activity in adolescents

OBJETIVO: Analisar associações entre dois domínios da atividade física de lazer e hábitos alimentares em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 1.630 adolescentes (46 por cento do gênero masculino e 54 por cento do gênero feminino). O nível de atividade física, o tempo de televisão (TV) e os comportamentos alimentares foram avaliados por entrevista, e, de acordo com o resultado da avaliação, os adolescentes foram classificados como fisicamente ativos, espectadores assíduos de TV, e engajados em dietas não saudáveis/saudáveis. RESULTADOS: Os adolescentes do gênero masculino foram mais ativos do que as do feminino (21,7 e 9,4 por cento, respectivamente; p = 0,001), ao passo que o hábito de assistir TV foi mais frequente entre as meninas (44,0 e 29,2 por cento; p = 0,001). Práticas de atividades físicas foram associadas com maior consumo de frutas (OR = 1,90; IC95 por cento 1,39-2,60) e vegetais (OR = 1,48; IC95 por cento 1,09-2,01), ao passo que o maior consumo de frituras (OR = 2,13; IC95 por cento 1,64-2,77) e salgadinhos (OR = 1,91; IC95 por cento 1,49-2,45) esteve associado ao hábito de assistir TV. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo epidemiológico apresenta informações indicando que os comportamentos ativo e inativo estiveram diferente e independentemente associados aos hábitos alimentares saudáveis e não saudáveis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze associations between two physical activity domains during leisure time and different food habits in adolescents. METHODS: The sample comprised 1,630 adolescents (46 percent male and 54 percent female). Physical activity level, television (TV) viewing, and eating behaviors were assessed through an interview. According to the results of the assessment, adolescents were classified as physically active or engaged in high amounts of TV viewing and unhealthy/healthy diets. RESULTS: Male adolescents were more active than females (21.7 and 9.4 percent, respectively; p = 0.001), while TV viewing was more frequent in females (44.0 and 29.2 percent; p = 0.001). Physical activity level was related to higher consumption of fruits (OR = 1.90; 95 percentCI 1.39-2.60) and vegetables (OR = 1.48; 95 percentCI 1.09-2.01), while higher consumption of fried foods (OR = 2.13; 95 percentCI 1.64-2.77) and snacks (OR = 1.91; 95 percentCI 1.49-2.45) was associated with TV viewing. CONCLUSION: This study presented epidemiological information indicating that active and inactive behaviors were differently and independently associated with healthy and unhealthy diets.

Avaliação da composição corporal e desempenho motor referenciada por normas e critérios em meninas e meninos / Assessment of the body composition and motor performance referenced for norms and criteria on girls and boys

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma análise referenciada por norma e critério da composição corporal e desempenho motor de meninas e meninos. A amostra foi composta por 53 meninas, com média de idade de 11,72 (±1,54) anos e 43 meninos com média de idade de 12,23 (±2,10) anos deLondrina-PR. Foram realizadas as seguintes medidas: massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas (Tricipital,Subescapular e Perna medial), e aplicada uma bateria de testes motores. Estes foram classificados nas normas de Guedes e Guedes (1997) e nos critérios da Physical Best (1988). A análise dos dados utilizou estatística descritiva e frequência percentual. Verificou-se que o percentual de meninas que atendem aocritério do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi de 98,1%, para as dobras cutâneas 81,1%, “Sentar-e-Alcançar” 67,9%, Flexão e extensão de cotovelos em suspensão na barra 66% e 24,5% no teste de Abdominal. Entre os meninos os percentuais foram: IMC 69,8%, dobras cutâneas 65,1%, “Sentar-e-Alcançar” 58,1%, Flexão e extensão de cotovelos em suspensão na barra 65,1% e 16,3% no teste de Abdominal. Verificou-se que 67,9% das meninas apresentaram resultados abaixo do percentil 50 no teste de Salto em distância parado, no teste de Corrida de 50 metros 81,1%, no teste de Corrida/caminhada 83%; e para os meninos 83,8%, 100,0% e 88,3% respectivamente. Considerável parte das meninas e meninos apresentou parâmetros inadequados nos componentes da aptidão física relacionada à saúde e baixos resultados na aptidão relacionada ao desempenho atlético. Evidencia-se a necessidade da avaliação da aptidão física nos ambientes educacionais para uma melhor estruturação dos programas de atividades físicas.

The purpose of this study was to perform a referenced analysis for norm and criterion of growth, body composition and motor performance on girls and boys with low economic condition. The sample involved 53 girls with mean age of 11,72 (±1,54) years and 43 boys with the mean age of 12,23 (±2,10) years of Londrina-PR. The measurement evaluated were: body mass, stature, skinfolds (Tricipital, Subscapular and calf), and applied a battery of motor tests. The data analysis used descriptive statistics and percentile frequency. The results were framed in referenced normative of Guedes and Guedes (1997) and criterion of the Physical Best (1988). The results indicated that the percentile of girls who attend to BodyMass Index (BMI) criterion was 98,1%, for the skinfolds 81,1%, “Sit-and-reach” test 67,9%, Modified pull-up 66%, and 24,5% in the Sit-ups. The boys percentile for BMI was 69,8%, skinfolds 65,1%, “Sitand-reach” test 58,1%, Modified pull-up 65,1%, and 16,3% for the Sit-ups. It was verified that girlspresented results below the 50th percentile, in the Long jump 67,9%, in the 50 meters run test 81,1%, inWalk/run test 83%. The results for boys were 83,8%, 100,0% and 88,3% respectively for the same tests.Considerable part of the girls and boys present inadequate parameters in the physical capacity components related to health and low performance on the capacities related to athletic performance. The results suggest the need to evaluate the physical fitness on the educational environments aiming a better physical activities programs.

Fatores associados ao excesso de peso entre adolescentes de diferentes redes de ensino do município de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo / Factors associated with overweight among adolescents in different school systems in the municipality of Presidente Prudente in the State of São Paulo

OBJETIVO: analisar associações entre excesso de peso e fatores de risco familiares em diferentes âmbitos escolares. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo/analítico de delineamento transversal com 1779 adolescentes (11 a 17 anos) de ambos os sexos, da rede pública (n=1309) e privada de ensino (n=470). Foram avaliados os fatores familiares: sexo, condição econômica, número de irmãos/televisores e escolaridade dos pais. A razão de prevalência (RP) em modelo univariado e multivariado indicou a magnitude das associações analisadas. RESULTADOS: nas escolas particulares, o excesso de peso associou-se com a escolaridade paterna (RP= 0,68 [0,5-0,9]) e sexo masculino (RP= 1,38 [1,0-1,8]). Nas escolas públicas, com a escolaridade materna (RP= 1,42 [1,1-1,8]), menor número de irmãos (RP= 1,23 [0,9-1,5]) e sexo masculino (RP= 1,32 [1,6-1,6]). CONCLUSÕES: o excesso de peso associou-se com diferentes fatores familiares, dependendo da rede de ensino em que foi analisado.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze associations between overweight and family risk factors in different school environments. METHODS: a descriptive/analytical cross-sectional study of 1779 adolescents (aged between 11 and 17 years) of both sexes in the public (n=1309) and private (n=470) education systems. Family factors evaluated included: sex, economic circumstances, number of siblings, number of televisions and level of schooling of parents. The prevalence ratio (PR) in a univariate and multivariate model suggested the scale of the associations under study. RESULTS: in private schools, overweight was associated with the level of schooling of the father (RP= 0.68 [0.5-0.9]) and with boys (RP= 1.38 [1.0-1.8]). In public schools it was associated with the level of schooling of the mother (RP= 1.42 [1.1-1.8]), having fewer siblings (RP= 1.23 [0.9-1.5]) and with boys (RP= 1.32 [1.6-1.6]). CONCLUSIONS: overweight is associated with different family factors depending on the kind of school.

The use of bioelectrical impedance to detect excess visceral and subcutaneous fat.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze bioelectrical impedance performance in detecting the presence of excess visceral fat and overweight/obesity in young Brazilians and how its values are related with them. METHODS: Study sample consisted of 811 adolescents of both genders (11 to 17 years of age). Nutritional status was determined based on triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), relative body fat (bioelectrical impedance), and excess visceral fat as determined by waist circumference. Statistical analysis was performed using means, standard deviations, linear correlation, Student's t test, and ROC curve. RESULTS: Bioelectrical impedance achieved good performance in identifying excess visceral fat associated with overweight/obesity in both genders, and was found to be more specific (male 92.4% and female 93.8%) than sensitive (male 86.1% and female 71.8%). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the use of bioelectrical impedance to identify the presence of excess visceral and subcutaneous fat in adolescents.

Utilização da impedância bioelétrica na indicação do excesso de gordura visceral e subcutânea / The use of bioelectrical impedance to detect excess visceral and subcutaneous fat

OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação e o desempenho da impedância bioelétrica na indicação do excesso de gordura visceral e sobrepeso/obesidade em jovens brasileiros. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 811 jovens de ambos os sexos (de 11 a 17 anos). A identificação do estado nutricional foi baseada no valor da dobra cutânea tricipital e gordura relativa (impedância bioelétrica) e no excesso de gordura visceral no valor da circunferência de cintura. A análise estatística utilizou valores médios, desvios padrão, correlação linear, teste t de Student e curva ROC. RESULTADOS: Em ambos os gêneros, impedância bioelétrica apresentou bom desempenho na identificação do simultâneo excesso de gordura visceral e sobrepeso/obesidade, sendo mais específica (masculino = 92,4 por cento; feminino = 93,8 por cento) do que sensível (masculino = 86,1 por cento; feminino = 71,8 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Em conclusão, os achados oferecem suporte para o uso da impedância bioelétrica na identificação do excesso de gordura visceral e subcutânea em adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze bioelectrical impedance performance in detecting the presence of excess visceral fat and overweight/obesity in young Brazilians and how its values are related with them. METHODS: Study sample consisted of 811 adolescents of both genders (11 to 17 years of age). Nutritional status was determined based on triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), relative body fat (bioelectrical impedance), and excess visceral fat as determined by waist circumference. Statistical analysis was performed using means, standard deviations, linear correlation, Student's t test, and ROC curve. RESULTS: Bioelectrical impedance achieved good performance in identifying excess visceral fat associated with overweight/obesity in both genders, and was found to be more specific (male 92.4 percent and female 93.8 percent) than sensitive (male 86.1 percent and female 71.8 percent). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the use of bioelectrical impedance to identify the presence of excess visceral and subcutaneous fat in adolescents.