Protein and energy for maintenance and gain of European quail fed different energy sources and housed at two temperatures

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether replacing corn starch (CS) energy with isolated soy protein (ISP) and soybean oil (SO) and the ambient temperature affect the protein and energy requirements for maintenance and gain of European quail. Thus, a total of 432 European quail from 10 to 30 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design, were used to estimate the protein and energy requirements for maintenance through the comparative slaughter methodology. The treatments consisted of three diets formulated with the replacement of CS, corresponding to 15% of the metabolizable energy in the diet, with ISP and SO, two controlled temperatures (26 and 35 °C), and three levels of feed supply (ad libitum, and 70 and 40% of ad libitum intake), with four replicates of six birds. Protein and energy requirements for weight gain were determined from 160 European quail, slaughtered every five days at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of age. Birds were housed in four groups of 40 birds in a room with thermoneutral temperature (26 °C). The energy sources of the feed and temperatures studied affected protein and energy requirements for maintenance and gain of European quail. Replacing CS energy by 15% of dietary energy with SO results in lower protein and energy maintenance requirements for European quail at both temperatures. The protein and energy weight gain requirements of quail fed SO as an energy source is higher than CS and ISP.(AU)

Physiological variables and egg quality from quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) that received water with increasing levels of NaCl and under different temperatures / Variáveis fisiológicas e qualidade de ovos de codorna (Coturnix coturnix japonica) que receberam água com teores crescentes de NaCl e sob diferentes temperaturas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of water salinity and ambient temperature on the physiological variables and the quality of Japanese quail eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in the laying phase. The quails received water with increasing levels of salinity (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) and were kept in climatic chambers under two different temperatures (24ºC and 32ºC). The design used was completely randomised, with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement (temperatures and salinity levels), with six replicates of eight birds each. Data were submitted for analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5%. There was no influence (P > 0.05) of water salinity levels on the physiological variables nor on the quality of the birds' eggs. At 32oC there was an increase (P < 0.05) in respiratory rate, cloacal and body surface temperature of the birds, and a slight reduction (P < 0.05) in the weight of eggs, shells, and percentage of shell. For laying quails, water with salinity levels of up to 6.0 dSm-1 can be used and the birds can be raised in an environment with temperatures up to 32ºC.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência da salinidade da água e da temperatura ambiente nas variáveis fisiológicas e na qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) na fase de postura, recebendo água com níveis crescentes de salinidade (1,5, 3,0 , 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1), e mantidos em câmaras climáticas sob duas temperaturas diferentes (24 e 32ºC). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2x4 (temperaturas e níveis de salinidade), com seis repetições de oito aves cada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Não houve influência (P > 0,05) dos níveis de salinidade da água nas variáveis fisiológicas e na qualidade dos ovos das aves. A 32ºC houve um aumento (P < 0,05) na frequência respiratória, temperatura cloacal e da superfície corporal das aves e uma pequena redução (P < 0,05) no peso dos ovos, cascas e porcentagem da casca. Para codornas em postura pode-se utilizar água com salinidade de até 6,0 dSm-1, podendo as aves ser criadas em ambiente com temperatura de até 32ºC.(AU)

Effects of different proteases on commercial laying hens at peak production

We evaluated the effect of adding proteases in diets of laying hens at peak production on the performance, egg quality, relative weight of digestive organs, and intestinal morphometry. Hy-Line W36 layer hens (390; 28-39 weeks old) were distributed in five treatments, with 13 animals each, with six replicates. The treatments were: control (standard formulation without nutritional reduction or protease inclusion), negative control A - NCA (nutritional reduction according to protease A matrix, without protease), negative control B - NCB (nutritional reduction according to protease B matrix, without protease), NCA + protease A, and NCB + protease B. The experimental period lasted 12 weeks, divided into three cycles of 28 days. Hens subjected to treatments (NCA and NCB) showed a decrease in feed intake. However, the addition of proteases A and B promoted improvement in this trait. The diets NCA and NCB had a negative influence on the production rate of the hens, but the diet supplementation with protease B resulted in significant improvement on egg laying rate. Hens subjected to nutritional reduction presented the worst results regarding mass and conversion by egg mass. However, the addition of enzymes reversed these results. Although the diets did not affect the relative weights of yolk, albumen, eggshell, Haugh unit, and specific gravity of the eggs, a higher eggshell thickness was observed in hens that received NCA, NCB, and NCB + protease B diets. The diets did not influence the relative weights of digestive organs and the small intestine morphometry. Hens fed diets supplemented with A and B have performance recovered in relation to those that received diets with reduced levels of nutrients.(AU)

Mathematical models to describe the growth curves of white-egg layers / Modelos matemáticos para descrever curvas de crescimento de poedeiras leves

The aim of this study was to compare mathematical models describing growth curves of white-egg layers at different population densities. To fit the models, 4,000 growing white-egg layers were utilized. The experimental design was completely randomized, with population densities of 71, 68, 65, 62, and 59 birds per cage in the starter phase and 19, 17, 15, 13, and 11 birds per cage in the grower phase, with 10 replicates each. Birds were weighed weekly to determine the average body weight and the weight gain. Gompertz and Logistic models were utilized to estimate their growth. The data analysis was carried out using the PROC NLMIXED procedure of the SAS® statistical computer software to estimate the parameters of the equation because mixed models were employed. The mean squared error, the coefficient of determination, and Akaikes information criterion were used to evaluate the quality of fit of the models. The studied models converged for the description of the growth of the birds at the different densities studied, showing that they were appropriate for estimating the growth of white-egg layers housed at different population densities. The Gompertz model showed a better fit than the Logistic model.(AU)

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo comparar modelos matemáticos para descrever curva de crescimento de poedeiras leves em diferentes densidades populacional, por meio de equações de modelos de crescimento.Para o ajuste dos modelos foram utilizadas 4000 poedeiras leves em crescimento. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado nas densidades populacional de 71, 68, 65, 62 e 59 aves por gaiola na fase de cria e de 19, 17, 15, 13 e 11 aves por gaiola na fase de recria, com dez repetições cada.Semanalmente, as aves foram pesadas para determinação do peso corporal médio e o ganho de peso. Para estimar o crescimento das aves foram utilizados os modelos de Gompertz e Logistic. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo procedimento PROC NLMIXED do programa computacional estatísticoSAS®, para estimar os parâmetros da equação por se tratar de modelos mistos. O quadrático médio do erro, o coeficiente de determinação e o critério de informação de Akaike foram utilizados na avaliação da qualidade do ajuste dos modelos. Os modelos estudados atingiram a convergência para a descrição do crescimento das aves nas diferentes densidades estudadas, adequados para estimar o crescimento corporal das aves com alto grau de confiabilidade. Os modelos estimaram o crescimento de poedeiras leves, alojadas em diferentes densidades populacional, em que o modelo de Gompertz apresentou melhores ajustes em comparação ao Logistic.(AU)

Mathematical models to describe the growth curves of white-egg layers / Modelos matemáticos para descrever curvas de crescimento de poedeiras leves

The aim of this study was to compare mathematical models describing growth curves of white-egg layers at different population densities. To fit the models, 4,000 growing white-egg layers were utilized. The experimental design was completely randomized, with population densities of 71, 68, 65, 62, and 59 birds per cage in the starter phase and 19, 17, 15, 13, and 11 birds per cage in the grower phase, with 10 replicates each. Birds were weighed weekly to determine the average body weight and the weight gain. Gompertz and Logistic models were utilized to estimate their growth. The data analysis was carried out using the PROC NLMIXED procedure of the SAS® statistical computer software to estimate the parameters of the equation because mixed models were employed. The mean squared error, the coefficient of determination, and Akaikes information criterion were used to evaluate the quality of fit of the models. The studied models converged for the description of the growth of the birds at the different densities studied, showing that they were appropriate for estimating the growth of white-egg layers housed at different population densities. The Gompertz model showed a better fit than the Logistic model.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo comparar modelos matemáticos para descrever curva de crescimento de poedeiras leves em diferentes densidades populacional, por meio de equações de modelos de crescimento.Para o ajuste dos modelos foram utilizadas 4000 poedeiras leves em crescimento. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado nas densidades populacional de 71, 68, 65, 62 e 59 aves por gaiola na fase de cria e de 19, 17, 15, 13 e 11 aves por gaiola na fase de recria, com dez repetições cada.Semanalmente, as aves foram pesadas para determinação do peso corporal médio e o ganho de peso. Para estimar o crescimento das aves foram utilizados os modelos de Gompertz e Logistic. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo procedimento PROC NLMIXED do programa computacional estatísticoSAS®, para estimar os parâmetros da equação por se tratar de modelos mistos. O quadrático médio do erro, o coeficiente de determinação e o critério de informação de Akaike foram utilizados na avaliação da qualidade do ajuste dos modelos. Os modelos estudados atingiram a convergência para a descrição do crescimento das aves nas diferentes densidades estudadas, adequados para estimar o crescimento corporal das aves com alto grau de confiabilidade. Os modelos estimaram o crescimento de poedeiras leves, alojadas em diferentes densidades populacional, em que o modelo de Gompertz apresentou melhores ajustes em comparação ao Logistic.

Performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens submitted to different rearing densities / Desempenho e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras leves submetidas à diferentes densidades populacionais

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different rearing densities during brooding (0 to 2 weeks) and growth (3 to 15 weeks) on performance and egg quality of laying hens (Hy-line W-36) during production phase (18 to 42 weeks). In the brooding phase, a total of 3250 day-old chicks were allocated in wire cages, distributed in a completely randomized design composed of 5 treatments (63.57; 66.38; 69.44; 72.80 and 76.50 cm²/bird) with 10 replications each. At the beginning of the growth phase, floor space in each treatment was increased. Therefore, a total of 750 birds were selected from the original treatments, which represented 237.57, 265.52, 300.92, 347.22, and 410.35 cm²/bird. At the end of the growing phase, 390 pullets were transferred to production facilities and distributed, according to their original treatment, in conventional cages with 430.76 cm²/bird (13 birds/cage). For this phase, only 6 replications per treatment were adopted. Experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance and, in the case of significant differences, means were analyzed using polynomial regression test. Body weight, weight gain and uniformity were compared during the brooding and growth phases. First-egg weight, age at first egg, age at 50% daily production, weights of egg, albumen, yolk and shell, egg mass, yolk diameter, yolk height, yolk index, albumen height, percentages of shell, albumen and yolk, shell thickness, Haugh unit, and egg specific gravity were analyzed during the production stage. In conclusion, raising pullets on 63.57 cm2 /bird (71 birds/cage) does not affect chicks performance during the brooding phase. However, for the growth phase, the recommendation is to provide 410.35 cm2 /bird, which corresponded to 11 birds/cage in this research. For the production period, the recommendation is to utilize pullets raised on 265.52 cm2 /bird, which corresponded to 17 birds/cage on this research.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar diferentes densidades populacionais nas fases de cria, recria sobre a produção de poedeiras leves comerciais (linhagem Hy-line W-36). O experimento foi dividido em três fases: cria (0 a duas semanas), recria (três a 15 semanas) e produção (18 a 42 semanas de idade). Em ambas as fases foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Na fase de cria foram utilizadas 3250 pintainhas, de um dia de idade que foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos 63,57; 66,38; 69,44; 72,80 e 76,50 cm²/ave com dez repetições cada. Para a fase de recria foram selecionadas 750 aves provenientes dos tratamentos utilizados na fase de cria, e redistribuídas em cinco tratamentos (237,57; 265,52; 300,92; 347,22 e 410,35 cm²/ave) com dez repetições por tratamento. Na fase de produção as aves foram alojadas com a mesma densidade para isso foram utilizadas 455 poedeiras advindas de cada tratamento utilizadas nas fases de cria e recria e foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos com a mesma densidade de 430,76 cm²/ ave que corresponde a 13 aves/gaiola com seis repetições. As variáveis analisadas para as fases de cria e recria foram: peso médio, ganho de peso e uniformidade e na fase de produção as variáveis foram: idade e peso do ovo a primeira postura e a idade aos 50% de produção, peso do ovo, peso do albúmen, gema e casca, massa do ovo, diâmetro e índice de gema, altura de gema e albúmen, porcentagens de casca, albúmen e gema, espessura da casca, unidade Haugh e gravidade específica. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise de variância, e em caso de diferença, as médias foram analisadas utilizando testes de regressão polinomial. Na fase de cria é possível criar as aves na densidade de 63,57cm2/ave ou 71 aves/gaiola sem comprometer o desempenho das aves. [...](AU)

Performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens submitted to different rearing densities / Desempenho e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras leves submetidas à diferentes densidades populacionais

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different rearing densities during brooding (0 to 2 weeks) and growth (3 to 15 weeks) on performance and egg quality of laying hens (Hy-line W-36) during production phase (18 to 42 weeks). In the brooding phase, a total of 3250 day-old chicks were allocated in wire cages, distributed in a completely randomized design composed of 5 treatments (63.57; 66.38; 69.44; 72.80 and 76.50 cm²/bird) with 10 replications each. At the beginning of the growth phase, floor space in each treatment was increased. Therefore, a total of 750 birds were selected from the original treatments, which represented 237.57, 265.52, 300.92, 347.22, and 410.35 cm²/bird. At the end of the growing phase, 390 pullets were transferred to production facilities and distributed, according to their original treatment, in conventional cages with 430.76 cm²/bird (13 birds/cage). For this phase, only 6 replications per treatment were adopted. Experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance and, in the case of significant differences, means were analyzed using polynomial regression test. Body weight, weight gain and uniformity were compared during the brooding and growth phases. First-egg weight, age at first egg, age at 50% daily production, weights of egg, albumen, yolk and shell, egg mass, yolk diameter, yolk height, yolk index, albumen height, percentages of shell, albumen and yolk, shell thickness, Haugh unit, and egg specific gravity were analyzed during the production stage. In conclusion, raising pullets on 63.57 cm2 /bird (71 birds/cage) does not affect chicks’ performance during the brooding phase. However, for the growth phase, the recommendation is to provide 410.35 cm2 /bird, which corresponded to 11 birds/cage in this research. For the production period, the recommendation is to utilize pullets raised on 265.52 cm2 /bird, which corresponded to 17 birds/cage on this research.

O objetivo foi avaliar diferentes densidades populacionais nas fases de cria, recria sobre a produção de poedeiras leves comerciais (linhagem Hy-line W-36). O experimento foi dividido em três fases: cria (0 a duas semanas), recria (três a 15 semanas) e produção (18 a 42 semanas de idade). Em ambas as fases foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Na fase de cria foram utilizadas 3250 pintainhas, de um dia de idade que foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos 63,57; 66,38; 69,44; 72,80 e 76,50 cm²/ave com dez repetições cada. Para a fase de recria foram selecionadas 750 aves provenientes dos tratamentos utilizados na fase de cria, e redistribuídas em cinco tratamentos (237,57; 265,52; 300,92; 347,22 e 410,35 cm²/ave) com dez repetições por tratamento. Na fase de produção as aves foram alojadas com a mesma densidade para isso foram utilizadas 455 poedeiras advindas de cada tratamento utilizadas nas fases de cria e recria e foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos com a mesma densidade de 430,76 cm²/ ave que corresponde a 13 aves/gaiola com seis repetições. As variáveis analisadas para as fases de cria e recria foram: peso médio, ganho de peso e uniformidade e na fase de produção as variáveis foram: idade e peso do ovo a primeira postura e a idade aos 50% de produção, peso do ovo, peso do albúmen, gema e casca, massa do ovo, diâmetro e índice de gema, altura de gema e albúmen, porcentagens de casca, albúmen e gema, espessura da casca, unidade Haugh e gravidade específica. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise de variância, e em caso de diferença, as médias foram analisadas utilizando testes de regressão polinomial. Na fase de cria é possível criar as aves na densidade de 63,57cm2/ave ou 71 aves/gaiola sem comprometer o desempenho das aves. [...]

Níveis de proteína bruta e de energia metabolizável para frangas de postura semipesadas de 1 a 18 semanas de idade / Crude protein and metabolizável energy levels for eggy-type pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age

Objetivou-se neste experimento avaliar o desempenho de poedeiras comerciais de 1 a 18 semanas de idade submetidas a níveis de Proteína Bruta (PB) e de Energia Metabolizável (EM). O experimento foi desenvolvido no aviário de Departamento de Zootecnia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da UFPB, em Areia-PB. Foram utilizadas 432 pintainhas Lohmann Brown de três dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema Fatorial 3x3, com três níveis de PB e três níveis de EM. Na primeira fase, de 1 a 6 semanas de idade, as aves foram alimentadas com rações contendo três níveis de PB (21, 22 e 23 por cento) e três de EM (2900, 3000 e 3100kcal/kg de ração). Na segunda e terceira fases, as aves com idades de 7 a 12 e de 13 a 18 semanas, respectivamente, foram alimentadas com três níveis de PB sendo 18, 19 e 20 por cento de sete a doze semanas e 16, 17 e 18 por cento de treze a dezoito semanas e três níveis de EM sendo 2700, 2800 e 2900kcal/kg de ração nessas duas fases. Não foi encontrada interação entre os níveis de PB e de EM. Com base nos resultados obtidos, recomenda-se, respectivamente, para as fases de 1 a 6, de 7 a 12 e de 13 a 18 semanas de idade, os níveis de 21 por cento de PB e 2900 kcal de EM/kg de ração, 20 por cento de PB e 2700 kcal de EM/kg de ração e 16 por cento de PB e 2700 kcal de EM/kg de ração.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of commercial layers between 1 and 18 weeks of age submitted to different crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels. The trial was carried out at the poultry sector of the Department of Animal Science, of the Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal of Paraiba, Areia-PB, Brazil. Four hundred and thirty-two Lohmann Brown chicks were used at 3 days of age according to a completely randomized design in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme, with three CP levels and three ME levels. In the first phase (1-6 wk), the birds were fed with diets containing three levels of CP: 21, 22 or 23 percent CP and three levels of ME: 2,900, 3,000 and 3,100 kcal/kg diet. In the second phase (7-12 wk) and in the third phases (13-18 wk), CP levels of feeding were 18, 19 or 20 percent, and 16, 17 or 18 percent, respectively, and three ME levels being 2,700, 2,800 or 2,900 kcal ME/kg diet in these two phases. It was not found interaction between CP and ME levels. Based on the results obtained one recommends for the phases from 1 to 6, 7 to 12 and 13 to 18 weeks of age the levels of 21 percent of CP and 2900 kcal of ME /kg diets, 20 percent of CP and 2700 kcal of ME/kg diets and 16 percent of CP and 2700 kcal of ME/kg diets respectively.