Urinary Tract Infection by Strongyloides stercoralis: A Case Report.

The objective of this study was to report a case of a hydronephrotic patient with Strongyloides stercoralis infection, with discharge of rhabditoid larvae exclusively in urine. In 2013, a 72-yr-old male patient, hypertensive, obese, and diagnosed with hydronephrosis secondary to renal calculi, reported lumbar pain, polyuria, polaciuria, and dysuria, as well as frequent urinary tract infections. The microscopic analysis of urine sediment showed the presence of S. stercoralis rabditoid larvae. However, parasitological examinations by Baermann-Moraes, agar plate culture, and spontaneous sedimentation performed with 3 fecal samples on alternate days had negative results. The patient was treated with albendazole and to date has shown negative results in both parasitological and urine tests. This report deals with the unusual finding of S. stercoralis in a urine sample of an immunocompetent individual and absence of disseminated infection, but with hydronephrosis. Patients with nephropathies from S. stercoralis-endemic areas should be monitored periodically, as early detection may prevent the worsening of symptoms and renal failure.

Relationship Among Mothers' Glycemic Level, Periodontitis, and Birth Weight.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the influence of glycemic level on the relationship between periodontitis and low birth weight (LBW). METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with 372 females divided into cases (109 mothers of newborns with birth weight < 2,500 g) and controls (263 mothers of newborns with birth weight ≥ 2,500 g). The birth weight of children was obtained from medical records, whereas information on sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics of the participants was obtained through an interview. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured, and probing depth, clinical attachment levels, and bleeding on probing were used to determine the periodontal status. Results were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: The likelihood of having children with LBW among the mothers with periodontitis was six times greater than that observed among mothers without periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio [OR adjusted] = 6.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.47 to 15.17), even after adjustment. There was also a strong, statistically significant relationship between periodontitis and LBW in both the normal glycemic-level group (HbA1c levels < 5.6%, unadjusted odds ratio [OR unadjusted] = 8.30, 95% CI = 3.56 to 19.35) and the high glycemic-level group (HbA1c levels ≥ 5.6% and < 6.5%, OR unadjusted = 5.73, 95% CI = 1.75 to 18.70). After adjustment for confounders, the magnitude of the association continued to be strong in the normal glycemic-level group (OR adjusted = 7.59, 95% CI = 2.7 to 24.28), an increase of 25% when compared to the main association measurement. In those with high glycemic levels (OR adjusted = 4.03, 95% CI = 0.81 to 19.96), the OR decreased almost 50%, and the association lost statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Periodontitis and glycemic levels appeared to have opposing influences on birth weight, with periodontitis being associated with LBW and the magnitude of the association being altered depending on maternal blood glucose level.

Síndrome Metabólica, seus fenótipos e resistência à insulina pelo HOMA-RI / Metabolic syndrome, its phenotypes, and insulin resistance by HOMA-IR

O diagnóstico de síndrome metabólica (SM) segundo o National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III não reflete necessariamente a presença de resistência à insulina (RI), um potencial alvo terapêutico para prevenção de diabetes tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares. Em estudo de corte transversal, assentado em dados anteriores de prevalência, avaliamos o comportamento do HOMA-RI, um parâmetro de RI bem difundido, frente à SM e anormalidades associadas. HOMA-RI foi maior nos indivíduos com SM (2,8 ± 1,6 vs. 1,8 ± 1,4) (p < 0,001) e mostrou excelente correlação com insulinemia de jejum (rS = 0,961). HOMA-RI > 2,5 aliou bons níveis de especificidade e sensibilidade para a associação de SM e RI. Diferente de aumento da glicemia, obesidade abdominal e elevação da trigliceridemia, componentes da SM mais bem relacionados com RI, a elevação da pressão arterial e a redução do HDL-c não mostraram associação com HOMA-RI > 2,5. A demonstração de que alguns fenótipos de SM ou anormalidades associadas foram mais preditivos de RI pode apontar para a possibilidade de uso do índice como um indicador de RI associada à SM.

The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome (MS) according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III does not reflect necessarily the presence of insulin resistance (IR), a potential therapeutical target for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention. Based on previous prevalence data, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the HOMA-IR relationship to the MS and some associated abnormalities. HOMA-IR > was higher in individuals with the MS (2.8 ± 1.6 vs. 1.8 ± 1.4) (p < 0.001). HOMA-IR > or = 2.5 allied good specificity and sensitivity levels for the association of MS and IR. Hyperglycemia, hypertrigliceridemia, and abdominal obesity, the MS components best related to IR, were statistically associated with HOMA-IR > 2.5, but not hypertension neither low HDL-c. The demonstration that some of MS phenotypes or associated abnormalities were more predictive for IR could point out to the possibility of the use of the index as a marker of the presence of IR associated to MS.

[Metabolic syndrome, its phenotypes, and insulin resistance by HOMA-IR]. / Síndrome metabólica, seus fenótipos e resistência à insulina pelo HOMA-RI.

The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome (MS) according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III does not reflect necessarily the presence of insulin resistance (IR), a potential therapeutical target for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention. Based on previous prevalence data, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the HOMA-IR relationship to the MS and some associated abnormalities. HOMA-IR > was higher in individuals with the MS (2.8+/-1.6 vs. 1.8+/-1.4) (p < 0.001). HOMA-IR >or= 2.5 allied good specificity and sensitivity levels for the association of MS and IR. Hyperglycemia, hypertrigliceridemia, and abdominal obesity, the MS components best related to IR, were statistically associated with HOMA-IR > 2.5, but not hypertension neither low HDL-c. The demonstration that some of MS phenotypes or associated abnormalities were more predictive for IR could point out to the possibility of the use of the index as a marker of the presence of IR associated to MS.

[Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a semi-arid rural area in Bahia]. / Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em uma área rural do semi-árido baiano.

The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in a semi-arid rural area in Bahia, motivated by the increase of impaired glucose tolerance in rural populations and the scant national data about the occurrence of MS. Total sample involved 240 adults > or = 25 years, randomly selected, 102 (42.5%) men and 138 (57.5%) women, mean age 49.5 +/- 14.9, ranging from 25 to 87 years. Diagnosis was based on the I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagnóstico e Tratamento da SM. Crude prevalence was 30.0% while the age-adjusted prevalence was 24.8%. MS frequency was higher in women (38.4%) than in men (18.6%), more elevated among individuals with age > or = 45 years (41.4%) than among those with age < 45 years (15.9%). Stratification performed according to sex and age revealed higher prevalence among women > or = 45 years (56.9%), probably associated to menopause. Presence of MS in the absence of impaired fasting glycemia and obesity, namely its best-established constituents, suggests the importance of the syndromic diagnosis, indicated by the high predictive value of some isolated metabolic alterations. High prevalence of MS requires attention for the treatment of the whole syndrome, retarding or preventing future consequences, like diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em uma área rural do semi-árido baiano / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a semi-arid rural area in Bahia

O crescimento de alterações da tolerância à glicose em populações rurais e a carência de dados nacionais sobre ocorrência de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) motivaram o desenvolvimento deste estudo de prevalência de SM no distrito rural de Cavunge, semi-árido baiano. Amostra aleatória de base populacional foi constituída por 240 indivíduos com idade > 25 anos, 102 (42,5 por cento) homens e 138 (57,5 por cento) mulheres, idade média 49,5 ± 14,9, variando de 25 a 87 anos. Para diagnóstico, utilizou-se a I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagnóstico e Tratamento da SM. A prevalência bruta foi de 30,0 por cento e, após ajustamento por idade, 24,8 por cento. Freqüência de SM foi maior em mulheres (38,4 por cento) que em homens (18,6 por cento), mais elevada entre aqueles com idade > 45 anos (41,4 por cento) que naqueles com idade < 45 anos (15,9 por cento). Estratificação por sexo e idade revelou prevalência maior entre mulheres com idade > 45 anos (56,9 por cento), possivelmente associada à menopausa. Presença de SM na ausência de seus componentes melhor estabelecidos, alteração da glicemia e obesidade, sugere a importância do diagnóstico sindrômico, sinalizado pelo elevado valor preditivo encontrado para algumas alterações metabólicas isoladas. A alta prevalência justifica atenção ao tratamento do conjunto da síndrome, retardando ou evitando conseqüências futuras, como diabetes e doença cardiovascular.